Creative Economy in a Mixed Society: Approaches to Measuring its Potential Inga Tomić-Koludrović & Mirko Petrić Department of Sociology University of Zadar Cultural transitions An international conference on policy, industry and aesthetics Interuniversity Centre Dubrovnik Dubrovnik,

cultural  creative cultural industry - cultural industries - creative industries - creative economy

Creative Industries definition ”The Creative Industries are those that have their origin in individual creativity, skill, and talent and that have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property.” The Creative Industries Mapping Document Department for Culture, Media and Sport, UK, 1998

Creative Industries : culture ”Government and the Value of Culture” Tessa Jowell (2004) - a role for subsidized culture high art - recognized but described in terms of investment - potential of an individual

Creative Economy disappearance of “culture” ? “creative” + “economy” - the term = more straigthforward /obscures less/ BUT “CULTURE MATTERS” Harrison / Huntington (2000)

Mapping  Index of Creativity DCMS Mapping of Creative Industries (1997, 2000) - exclusively “industrial” aspect - economic contribution “ audit of cultural resources” = different

Mapping  Index of Creativity Florida’s indices of creativity % workforce in the creative class presence of advanced technology innovation diversity (gay index)

Percent of workforce in the creative class

3Ts  values “3Ts of economic growth” Talent Technology Tolerance the original indices

World Index of Creativity outline (2005) based on empirical research of values World Values Survey /Inglehart/ Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania = included

Mapping  Index of Creativity Hong Kong : Mapping most comprehensive : economic Hong Kong : Index of creativity Desmond Hui social + cultural capital

SEE - Index of Creativity? how to measure the potential of the creative economy in the region? / Florida’s nascent World Index of Creativity =/= specific enough /

SEE - Index of Creativity? the task = creation of more specific, more sensitive indices - the question: is the region a good focus for such exercises? - the question : are individual nation-states in the region a good focus for such exercises?

Index of Creativity the need for diversified levels of reference - the focus =/= territory of a nation-state - the focus =/= the “region” in Florida’s sense /”city + surrounding areas”/

Index of Creativity the focus = city, region /including historical traditions & a sense of place/  diversified national or SEE-level indices

Index of Creativity the focus = micro-histories, traditions, cultures the purpose = interpret in order to understand /Bauman/ “case by case” “step by step”

Index of Creativity the focus /locus/ = the sense of place /what it is about/ - methods to measure it = should be devised - but what exactly is measured? - “what is creativity?”

Creativity an evasive term - one attempt: “the ability to think at the edge of your competence” Charles Landry

Creativity but what are “competences”? - how are they acquired? - how are they recognized? SOCIAL locus of reference

Creativity but also CULTURE plays a part - VALUES : socialization /learning of culture/ - by means of socialization one masters the culture of one’s society values = a good start /but not enough: too generalized/

Focus not only “market” / “economy” indicators (Porter: $ +) but “society” + “culture”

Society how to describe it? - what to study about it?

“transition”  “mixed” society “transition” - political /single-party  multiparty/ - economic /state or “social ownership”  market economy/ - social / cultural /e.g. from active suppression of religion to its dominance in the social life/

why “mixed” society? “transition” in SEE = an unfinished process EU accession = marks the end /in political terms/ EU candidate countries : nearing “mature transition” but in social terms?

“mixed” society “transition” processes - varied from country to country - in common : (recent) radical break with the past & influence of the globalization process in the present

“mixed” society “transitional societies” = now stabilizing - old mechanisms destroyed but new have formed - these societies exihibit characteristics of both traditional and modern social structures - can therefore be described as mixed societies

“mixed” society different outcomes /also within one nation/ - should be studied “step by step, case by case” - in the case of Croatia: two modernization processes simultaneously at work /Tomić-Koludrović/

“mixed” society  “first” or “simple”, “industrial” modernization /premodern  modern/  second or “reflexive”, “postindustrial” modernization /”modernization of modernization”/ U. Beck

Split Riva

Splitska riva

“mixed” society by analogy with mixed economy mixed agriculture

transitional society process : from → to mixed society = outcome : what we start from in analysis mixed society =/= static various processes take place but constellations = established

mixed society should be studied in order to understand it & be able to interpret it /such studies in themselves emphasize or develop its reflexive character /

mixed society methods should be devised to study its social & cultural aspects “market” = too narrow a descriptor and insufficient in general as focus of development “people” = the most valuable resource /this = also an “investment” in them and in society/