From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Plate 8.1. Topographic symbol sheet. Source. USGS.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.1. Marginal information.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.2. Topographic map scales.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.3. Kinds of contour lines.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.4. Stream patterns.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.5. Contour interval and spacing.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.6. Contour lines for four kinds of slope.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.7. Contour lines “point” upstream when they cross a stream valley. The direction of the stream flow is indicated by arrows.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.8. Determining gradient or slope. The base is the map distance, and the slope is the actual distance.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 8.9. Percent of grade on a highway (photograph).

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Percent of slope (diagram).

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Drawing a profile.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Drawing a profile along a road.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press.