1. Topographical Maps

2. Topographical Maps
Two dimensional model of the Earth’s surface (represents 3-D world)
Topographical maps are also known as contour maps.
Show elevation above sea level using contour lines.

6. “Real World”
Contour Map

7. Topographical Maps Contour Line –
- line on a map that connects points of EQUAL elevation.
- show elevation and shape of the land
Relief – Difference between high and low elevations

9. Topographical Maps Contour Interval –
difference in elevation between each line. MUST be equal spacing.
Contour interval =
20 feet
580
560
540
520

10. Topographical Maps Index Contour –
Usually every 5th line is printed darker and has an elevation printed on it.

12. Rules for Contours
Contour lines never cross

13. Rules for Contours
2. Contours form closed loops (even if not shown of the map.

14. Rules for Contours
3. Contours bend upstream (uphill) when crossing a stream.

16. Rules for Contours
The maximum possible elevation for a hill is “1” less than what the next contour “should” be.
The highest possible elevation of the hill is just below the value of  the next line that is not shown 90 80 70 60 50

17. 399
179
239

18. Closely Spaced Contours
Steeper Slope (Gradient) – contour lines are closer together.

20. Wide Spaced Contours
Gradual/Gentle Slope (Gradient) – contour lines are farther apart.

22. A B

23. Depressions
Contour lines which show a depression, crater, or sinkhole on a map.
Shown by dashed lines (hachure marks) on the inside of a contour line
The elevation of the first depression contour is the same as the lowest regular contour near it.

24. Rules for Contours
The lowest possible elevation for a depression is “1” more than what the next contour “should” be.
The lowest possible elevation of a depression is just above the value of  the next line that is not shown 90 90 51 80 70 60 50

25. 100
100 50

26. Benchmarks
a location whose exact elevation is known and is noted on a brass or aluminum plate.
bench marks are shown on maps by an X with the letters BM written next to them.

28. Map Scales
Indicates the distance on the map compared to distance in the real world
Graphical - by a line divided into equal parts and marked in units of length.

29. (There are 63,360 inches in a mile)
Map Scales
Numerically – usually by writing a fraction to show what part of the true distances map distances really are.
1:63,360
One inch on the map equals 63,360 Inches in the real world.
(There are 63,360 inches in a mile)

30. Gradient The slope between any two points on a hill Gradient =
Change in Field Value
Distance

31. Gradient
A trail is four miles long as measured by the scale on a map. The beginning of the trail is at the 1,060 ft contour line and the end of the trail is at the 960 ft contour line. Calculate the gradient of the trail.
Gradient = =
1060 ft – 960 ft
4 miles
25.0 ft/mi

32. Gradient
Contour Interval = 20 ft
200 2 4 6 8 10
miles