Cell Organelles

Nucleus Nucleus—surrounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane)Nucleus—surrounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) Composed of DNA and Proteins, this complex of DNA and protein is called chromatin. Composed of DNA and Proteins, this complex of DNA and protein is called chromatin.

Function: “Ultimate Control Center for Cell Activities”Function: “Ultimate Control Center for Cell Activities” Essentially the nucleus produces RNA and ribosomes, which will be used to produce proteins.Essentially the nucleus produces RNA and ribosomes, which will be used to produce proteins.

Gene: segment of DNA that contains information for making a protein molecule.Gene: segment of DNA that contains information for making a protein molecule. Remember the mantra Remember the mantra “DNA to RNA to Protein” “DNA to RNA to Protein” Proteins are the workers/get it done molecules of the cell!Proteins are the workers/get it done molecules of the cell!

Second Major Function of the Nucleus: Replication of Genetic MaterialSecond Major Function of the Nucleus: Replication of Genetic Material A complete copy of DNA, so that when the cell divides, the next cell has a full set of instructions. (full set of genes)A complete copy of DNA, so that when the cell divides, the next cell has a full set of instructions. (full set of genes)

Nucleolus Nucleolus – Dense, dark structure found inside the nucleus. Function of the nucleolus is to produce ribosomes.Nucleolus – Dense, dark structure found inside the nucleus. Function of the nucleolus is to produce ribosomes.

Ribosomes Ribosomes – Although produced in the nucleus, ribosomes leave the nucleus and move into the cytoplasm.Ribosomes – Although produced in the nucleus, ribosomes leave the nucleus and move into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are found free-floating in the cytoplasm. ORRibosomes are found free-floating in the cytoplasm. OR They are found attached the rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)They are found attached the rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Production of Proteins!!! Production of Proteins!!!

Rough EndoplasmicReticulum Rough ER Rough ER – Has ribosomes attached to it. The wavy membrane of the ER often can take up as much as ½ the space in a eukaryotic cell. Proteins formed by ribosomes on the Rough ER enter into the ER and move to other membranes in the cell.Rough ER – Has ribosomes attached to it. The wavy membrane of the ER often can take up as much as ½ the space in a eukaryotic cell. Proteins formed by ribosomes on the Rough ER enter into the ER and move to other membranes in the cell.

Rough ER Function Transport and modification of proteins in the cell. In addition may be involved in transport of other substances.Transport and modification of proteins in the cell. In addition may be involved in transport of other substances.

Golgi Appartus (Bodies) Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus) – After proteins are synthesized in the Rough ER, they are sent to the Golgi complex, which will further modifed and packaged the proteins for shipment.Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus) – After proteins are synthesized in the Rough ER, they are sent to the Golgi complex, which will further modifed and packaged the proteins for shipment. GA = Package and Distribution of proteins in vesicles.GA = Package and Distribution of proteins in vesicles.

An Example of Golgi Apparatus The Golgi will release these proteins in vesicles: sort of like a sac, which will protect the protein(s). An example are lysosomes, which are produced by Rough ER /Golgi activity. These sacs (lysosomes), are often considered a type of cell organelle, and they contain enzymes, which digest and breakdown biological molecules.The Golgi will release these proteins in vesicles: sort of like a sac, which will protect the protein(s). An example are lysosomes, which are produced by Rough ER /Golgi activity. These sacs (lysosomes), are often considered a type of cell organelle, and they contain enzymes, which digest and breakdown biological molecules.

Smooth ER Smooth ER – Hey! It does not have ribosomes, thus the name smooth. Its function is to produce lipids (often steroids) for cell membranes, and also break down lipids.Smooth ER – Hey! It does not have ribosomes, thus the name smooth. Its function is to produce lipids (often steroids) for cell membranes, and also break down lipids. Very important in carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification of chemicals (Liver cells have lots of Smooth ER – Structure –Function).Very important in carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification of chemicals (Liver cells have lots of Smooth ER – Structure –Function). Transport materials too!!Transport materials too!!

Energy Organelles All living things have a metabolism.All living things have a metabolism. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. So here are the structures that provide cells the energy, important in metabolism!So here are the structures that provide cells the energy, important in metabolism!

Mitochondria Mitochondria – The cell organelle responsible for producing energy in the cell in the form of ATP.Mitochondria – The cell organelle responsible for producing energy in the cell in the form of ATP. Glucose with oxygen is broken down through a series of chemical reactions, which is used to produce ATP.Glucose with oxygen is broken down through a series of chemical reactions, which is used to produce ATP. This process of converting glucose into usable cellular energy is called cell respiration. The majority of this occurs in the mitochondria.This process of converting glucose into usable cellular energy is called cell respiration. The majority of this occurs in the mitochondria.

Chloroplasts Conduct Photosynthesis.Conduct Photosynthesis. Use light energy and carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose energy aka food.Use light energy and carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose energy aka food. Found in Plants and Algae.Found in Plants and Algae.

Structural Organelles

Cell Walls Strong rigid structure that helps give support and protection to cells.Strong rigid structure that helps give support and protection to cells. Made of cellulose in plants and some algae.Made of cellulose in plants and some algae. Made of chitin in fungiMade of chitin in fungi Made of other chemicals in bacteria.Made of other chemicals in bacteria.

Cytoskeleton and Microtubules An internal system of fibers and tubes that provide structure, support and help in movement of the cell.An internal system of fibers and tubes that provide structure, support and help in movement of the cell.