1. Cell Organelles

2. The Work of Cells Cells must perform many important jobs for an organism to live:
gas exchange: O2 in & CO2 out
digest food breakdown macromolecules, starch into glucose
make energy --- breakdown glucose into ATP
build molecules build macromolecules
remove wastes CO2, water, lactic acid

3. Organelles do the work of cells Each organelle has a specific job
Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures
that perform specific functions.
Organelles - are membrane-bound structures within the cell that have specific functions.
Organelles do the work of cells Each organelle has a specific job

4. The cell is like a factory.
Cells, like factories, follow instructions and produce products.
General Motors Plant

5. The different organelles can be compared
to the in
assembly lines of the factory.
specialized machines

6. Which macromolecule is the
workhorse of the cell?
PROTEINS

7. SEVERAL ORGANELLES ARE INVOLVED IN MAKING AND PROCESSING PROTEINS:
SEVERAL ORGANELLES ARE INVOLVED IN MAKING AND PROCESSING PROTEINS: Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vesicles

8. Nucleus large, round organelle located in the center of the cell.

9. the instructions for making proteins.
The nucleus is the
storehouse for DNA.
DNA
DNA contains the
genetic information,
the instructions for making proteins.

10. Function of the Nucleus:. (1) a storehouse ---DNA is stored and is
Function of the Nucleus: (1) a storehouse ---DNA is stored and is available for use when needed (2) a safe --- DNA is isolated and protected from possible damage.

11. The nucleus is like the
in a factory.
main office

12. Prokaryotic Cells have no nucleus and no organelles
but they do have DNA

13. Nucleolus organelle located inside the nucleus. makes ribosomes.

14. Ribosomes --- protein machines! small structures that make proteins
for the cell.
protein

15. Ribosomes make  
proteins!
Ribosomes
protein

16. Ribosomes can be found: free in the cytoplasm
Where they make proteins
for use
inside the cell.

17. Ribosomes can be found: attached to the ER --- Rough ER
makes proteins
that will be
exported out
of the cell.

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  Endoplasmic reticulum-- ER an extensive interconnected network of highly folded membranes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum

19. Endoplasmic reticulum-- ER
There are two types of ER:
Rough ER – has attached ribosomes
and
Smooth ER – has no ribosomes

20. Rough ER Function: To make proteins for export out of cell

21. What is the function of the small intestine?
Digestion
What is the function of the small intestine?
What is the function of the pancreas?

22. What is the function of the pancreas?
To make digestive enzymes (proteins) to be transported out of the pancreas for use in the small intestine.

23. Pancreatic cells have a large amount of rough ER because they must make digestive enzymes (proteins) and export them to the small intestine.

24. Rough ER makes proteins for export out of cell
Proteins made by the attached ribosomes enter the ER, are modified, are put into vesicles, and are transported to the Golgi apparatus.

25. Smooth ER --- Function:. To makes lipids &
Smooth ER Function: To makes lipids & to break down toxic substances.

26. There are many lipids Smooth ER
…fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Smooth ER
makes lipids and the Golgi apparatus exports them out of cell to their proper destinations.
Smooth ER
Vesicle
w/Lipid

27. Smooth ER also breaks down toxic substances such as alcohol, drugs, and poisons so they can be eliminated by the body.

28. Liver cells have large amounts of smooth ER.
make
cholesterol.
A lipid
Liver cells also
break down
toxins
so they can
be expelled
from the body.
cholesterol
toxins

29. Golgi apparatus a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs.
Looks like a stack of pita bread
Golgi apparatus

30. Golgi apparatus --- Post Office of the cell
It is the packaging and distribution center of the cell.
Golgi apparatus

31. Proteins and lipids generally move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.
In the Golgi, proteins and lipids are modified, packaged, and delivered to their appropriate destinations.

32. The golgi apparatus ________________, ________________, and
FUNCTION:
The golgi apparatus ________________,
________________, and
______________________________________
modifies proteins
packages proteins
delivers proteins to their proper destinations.
Golgi apparatus

33. Vesicles small, membrane-bound sacs that store and transport substances in the cell.
such as
proteins and lipids
are stored
and
transported
within vesicles.
Vesicles

34. SUMMARY: (1) A protein is made in rough ER. (4) The protein
is modified
and packaged
in a new vesicle
for transport.
(1)
(4)
(2)
Part of the ER
pinches off to
form a vesicle
enclosing
the protein.
(3)
The protein-vesicle
travels to and
merges with
the Golgi.
(2)
(3)

35. OTHER ORGANELLES HAVE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS:. Mitochondria. Chloroplasts
OTHER ORGANELLES HAVE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS: Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes Vacuoles

36. Mitochondria organelles that make energy for the cell in the form of ATP.

37. Mitochondria makes power ---makes energy. Powerhouse of the Cell
The mighty mitochondria
makes power
---makes energy.

38. Mitochondria convert organic compounds you eat into ATP, the main energy source of cells.

39. Mitochondria Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
Where glucose
is broken down
to make energy,
ATP.

40. Some cells have a few mitochondria… some have hundreds or even thousands.
Brain cells and muscle cells
have a large amount of mitochondria because
they require a lot of energy.

41. Chloroplast oval-shaped, green organelles
found only
in the cells
of plants
and algae.
Chloroplast

42. Chloroplast contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy.
Makes leaves
GREEN!

43. Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis. --- make food for the cell
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis make food for the cell. Photosynthesis: CO H2O light energy C6H12O O  
carbon
dioxide + + +
water
sunlight
glucose
oxygen

44. Lysosomes small membrane-bound sacs that contain enzymes used to digest macromolecules.
REMEMBER…
Lysosomes
contain
Enzymes!
Lysosomes

45. Function:
break down and recycle old cell parts (organelles) by breaking
down macromolecules.
lysosome
Old or
damaged
organelle

46. Lysosomes also defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses by engulfing and destroying the pathogens.

48. Amoeba engulfing food particles

49. Central vacuole very large sac found in plant cells that stores water.

50. When full,
the water vacuole
makes the cell rigid
and helps support the plant.
When a plant wilts,
its leaves shrivel because
there is not enough water
in the central vacuole
to support the leaf.

51. Structures found only in plant cells
(1) Cell wall
(2) chloroplast
(3) Central vacuole
Central
vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast