Population(millions) Urban Area (estimate) 1Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico São Paulo, Brazil New York, USA Mumbai, India Calcutta, India Los Angeles, USA Shanghai, China Dhaka, Bangladesh Delhi, India Karachi, Pakistan Buenos Aires, Argentina Jakarta, Indonesia Osaka, Japan Beijing, China Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Metro Manila, Philippines Seoul, South Korea Paris, France Cairo, Egypt Tianjin, China Istanbul, Turkey Lagos, Nigeria Moscow, Russia n.a. 25London, U.K n.a. 26Lima, Peru Bangkok, Thailand Chicago, USA n.a. 29Teheran, Iran Hong Kong n.a.
Transactions costs Low Mixed low and high High Agglomeration economies LowA Spatial entropy B Intermediate states between A and C C Weberian-Löschian landscapes HighD Small interconnected clusters E Superclusters F Small disconnected clusters