GrossAnatomy of the Kidney, Nephrons, and Reproductive System Bio 102 Laboratory 13 GrossAnatomy of the Kidney, Nephrons, and Reproductive System

Objectives for Today’s Lab On human models and in the cat: Identify the gross structures of the kidney and its blood supply listed in your lab handout Identify the structures of the nephron on human models Identify the male/female reproductive structures listed in your lab handout NOTE: CAT structures to be located for this lab are listed in your Lab Guide Handout with a “*” See the following in your Laboratory Manual Human Urinary System Anatomy: Exercise 40, pp. 613-626 Human Reproductive System Anatomy: Exercise 42, pp. 635-650 Cat Dissection Exercises 8 (pg. 755) and 9 (pg. 759)

Digestive Enzyme Lab Summary Table Optimum pH Substrate Product Source in body   Salivary amylase 7 Starch/CHO Disaccharides/ Monosaccharides Salivary glands Pepsin 2 Proteins/Peptides Peptides/ Amino acids Stomach (Pepsinogen, Chief cells) Pancreatic Lipase 7-8 Triglycerides Fatty Acids & Monoglycerides Pancreas

Location of Kidneys Located from T12 to L3 Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 Located from T12 to L3 Left kidney is slightly higher than right kidney Adrenal glands sit on the medial and superior part of kidneys

Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys Renal capsule is tough, fibrous capsule (tunica fibrosa) Hilus is entry point for renal artery, vein, and nerve (mostly sympathetic fibers) Bases of renal pyramids face the cortex, apices face the renal pelvis and end at renal papillae Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Renal Blood Vessels (Cortical Radiate artery) Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

The Nephron

Histology of Kidney

Histology of Ureter

Histology of Urinary Bladder

Organs of the Female Reproductive System (In anteflexion) * * * (Fallopian) (Skene’s glands; lesser vestibular glands) * * * * (Bartholin’s glands) Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Ovaries and Their Attachments * * * * * * Fold of peritoneum that attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity (limits side-to-side movement and rotation) * Posterior view Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Mammary Glands Mammary glands as shown are for women in last trimester of pregnancy or who are nursing. The areola, a ring of pigmented skin, covers large sebaceous glands that give it a bumpy appearance. Sebum reduces chapping and cracking of the nipple. Blood capillaries and nerves come closest to the surface of the skin in the area surrounding the nipple, giving the areola a reddish brown color. Darkening of the areola and nipple during pregnancy help the nursing infant locate the nipple since their vision might not otherwise be able to distinguish this area from the remainder of the breast. Sensory nerve fibers of the areola trigger the milk letdown (ejection) reflex. Bumps on the areola are a result of sebaceous/sweat (areolar) glands in this area. Sebaceous glands help keep the nipple from drying and cracking during nursing. Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Male Reproductive System * * * * * * Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Male Reproductive Organs posterior view * * * * * *

Male External Reproductive Organs Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Kidney with fibrous capsule Renal vein Renal artery 01_C0009_labeled.jpg Ureter

Renal pelvis Renal capsule Renal artery Renal medulla Renal vein Renal cortex Ureter 02_C0010_labeled.jpg

Renal pelvis Renal cortex 03_C0011_labeled.jpg Renal medulla

Left kidney Urinary bladder 04_C0024b_labeled.jpg Left ureter Urethra

Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder 05_C2027a_labeled.jpg Urethra Urogenital sinus

Left kidney Right kidney Left ureter Right ureter Urinary bladder Urethra 06_C0007_labeled.jpg

Left kidney Right kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Prostate gland Crus of penis 07_C2026b_labeled.jpg Body of penis Glans penis

Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Urethra 08_C0008_labeled.jpg Penis

Urinary bladder Right ductus deferens Left ductus deferens Left spermatic cord Urethra Testis (covered by tunica vaginalis) Prostate gland Right spermatic cord 01_C2026c_labeled.jpg Crus of penis Body of penis Scrotum Glans penis Epididymis (covered by tunica vaginalis)

Ureter Urinary bladder Prostate gland Urethra Root of penis Penis 09_C0001_labeled.jpg Foreskin Glans penis

Ureter Urinary bladder Right ductus deferens Prostate gland Urethra Left ductus deferens Bulbourethral glands Left spermatic cord Right spermatic cord Root of penis Right testis Penis 02_C0001a_labeled.jpg Foreskin Epididymis Glans penis Left testis Scrotum

Right spermatic cord Left spermatic cord Right testis Left testis 04_C0015a_labeled.jpg Scrotum

Suspensory Ligament Right ovary Left ovary Ovarian Ligament Uterine horn Uterine body 05_C2027b_labeled.jpg Vagina Urethra Urogenital sinus

Right ovary Ureter Left ovary Left uterine tube Right uterine tube Left uterine horn Uterine body Right uterine horn 06_C0003a_labeled.jpg Vagina Urinary bladder Urethra Urogenital sinus

Left suspensory ligament Left uterine tube Left ovary Left uterine horn Uterine body Vagina Urogenital sinus 07_C0004a_labeled.jpg

Left uterine horn with fetus Right uterine horn with fetus Right ovary Left ovary Left uterine horn with fetus Right uterine horn with fetus 08_C0005_labeled.jpg Uterine body

Placenta Fetus Uterine horn, opened Fetus Small intestine Uterine body Ureter 09_C0006_labeled.jpg

What you should do in lab today… Look at models of human kidney and nephrons in lab and be able to identify the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide on models or on photos Look at models of human reproductive structures in lab and be able to identify the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide on models or on photos In the dissected cat, locate the kidney and reproductive structures listed in your Laboratory Guide

Last Lab of Semester (yahoooeee!) Urinalysis next lab – some things to remember You should restrict your intake of food and beverages for TWO HOURS prior to lab Do not do this if you have a medical condition that would prohibit this Do NOT urinate before lab! You’ll be collecting a specimen soon after you get to lab and using it as your control sample We may have some time between ‘pees’, so bring questions if you have them.

Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2 Lab Exam 1 will consist of 25 stations and 52 fill-in-the-blank questions. (plus bonus questions)  You will be expected to be able to recognize all structures listed in your Laboratory Guide and know the items listed on this study guide. Remember that SPLLEING COUTNS!!  You will lose 1 point for every 2 spelling errors you make. For help in studying the following items and getting practice, be sure to look at the following items in the Laboratory Section of the gserianne.com Web site 1. The online PowerPoint Quizzes and 'Links to Explore' (if available) 2. Mastering A&P Web site (PAL, PhysioEx)

Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2 Respiratory System (Labs 9 and 10) – 14 questions Be able to calculate minute volume given tidal volume and breathing rate Define respiratory volumes and capacities in words and relate the numeric formulas to their definitions. Solve for vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, using known (given) volumes and/or capacities. Define tidal volume and recall the normal, average tidal volume in adults (if it's not given to you). Name and correctly spell the equipment used to assess lung volumes and capacities. Predict the effect of blood CO2 levels and various experimental conditions on breathing. Recognize the anatomical structures listed in your study guide on the human models/photographs and in the dissected cat (larynx, trachea, L/R bronchi, R/L lung, and diaphragm - and the thyroid gland) Identify microscopically, in photomicrographs: a) the type of epithelium lining the respiratory tract b) mucus glands/goblet cells and c) respiratory cilia

Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2 Digestive System & Digestive Enzymes (Labs 11 and 12) – 18 questions Identify, given a model or a photograph of a model or a dissected cat, ALL the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide. Correctly list the substrates, products, and optimal conditions for the digestive enzymes we investigated in Lab 12 (salivary amylase, pepsin, and pancreatic lipase). Urinary and Reproductive Systems (Lab 13) – Urinary 12, Repro 6 questions Be able to recognize all structures, including all parts of the kidney and nephron and the adrenal glands [torso, plaque models, individual models, photos] listed on your Laboratory Guide for the human and cat (starred items). Be able to recognize the major reproductive structures for the male listed in your laboratory guide in both the human and the cat (starred items) Be able to recognize the major reproductive structures for the female listed in your laboratory guide in both the human and the cat (starred items)

Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2 Urinalysis (Lab 14) – 2 questions Review your urinalysis lab/results and be sure to understand what you did in lab, i.e., why do we see the results we see after ingesting particular solutions? Name the instrument used to measure specific gravity **Remember to do the online quizzes available on our main Web site! **You will not need to bring a calculator - will be provided