Rise of Russia

RUSSIA Overall Characteristics/Themes Visible Throughout Russia History 1. Invasions and fear of invasion 2. Openness to West – or not 3. Alternating periods of repression and reform 4. Little or no history of democracy

RUSSIA Mongol Invasion Invasion began political history Invasion began political history Mongol Invasion: forces of Gengis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow Mongol Invasion: forces of Gengis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols

RUSSIA Mongol/Tatar Rule Brutal invasion Brutal invasion Russia “hibernated” and missed the high middle ages of Europe Russia “hibernated” and missed the high middle ages of Europe 1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule 1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule over Russia over Russia

RUSSIA MONGOL EMPIRE

RUSSIA 16TH AND 17TH RUSSIA Power tended to rest with boyars (aristocrats) Held land Controlled serfs Boyars struggles with new tsars for control New tsars used boyars to serve state Created bureaucracy Mandatory military service

RUSSIA Ivan III Established hereditary rule Established hereditary rule Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome Tsar head of Orthodox Church Tsar head of Orthodox Church

RUSSIA Ivan IV (the Terrible) First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar) First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar) Assumed throne at age three Assumed throne at age three Killed many boyars, whom he suspected of conspiracy Killed many boyars, whom he suspected of conspiracy Died without an heir Died without an heir

RUSSIA Along with expansion, also managed contacts with western Europe Along with expansion, also managed contacts with western Europe Tsars realize disadvantage of Russia because of Mongols Tsars realize disadvantage of Russia because of Mongols Import Italian artists and architects to design churches and royal palace in Kremlin (Moscow) Import Italian artists and architects to design churches and royal palace in Kremlin (Moscow)

RUSSIA Time of Troubles Swedish and Polish attacks on Russian territory Assembly of boyars chose member of Romanov family as tsar – leads to Romanov dynasty (lasts until 1917) Assembly of boyars chose member of Romanov family as tsar – leads to Romanov dynasty (lasts until 1917)

RUSSIA

New Line of Tsars—Romanov 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy Total enserfment of peasants by 1649 Total enserfment of peasants by 1649 Military service demands for boyars were relaxed Military service demands for boyars were relaxed Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks (peasants recruited by Ivans to migrate to newly seized lands) Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks (peasants recruited by Ivans to migrate to newly seized lands)

RUSSIA Peter the Great Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689 Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689 Grew up going to “German Quarter” and learned of new, Western technology Grew up going to “German Quarter” and learned of new, Western technology Traveled widely Traveled widely Westernized Westernized Modernized army Modernized army Table of Ranks – position Table of Ranks – position in government based upon merit

RUSSIA Peter the Great Biggest problem was Russia had no warm water ports Biggest problem was Russia had no warm water ports Battled with Ottoman Turks to try to control Black Sea Battled with Ottoman Turks to try to control Black Sea Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West.” Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West.”

RUSSIA Built St. Petersburg on model of Western European cities

RUSSIA Russia Under Peter the Great

RUSSIA Catherine the Great ( ) Wife of Peter III (tsarina) Wife of Peter III (tsarina) Born in Prussia (Germany) Born in Prussia (Germany) Learned Russian Learned Russian Converted to Orthodox Christianity Converted to Orthodox Christianity Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization Let boyars not pay taxes Let boyars not pay taxes Taxed peasants heavily Taxed peasants heavily

RUSSIA Russia Under Catherine the Great Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea 1790s-partitioned Poland, eliminated Poland as state – starting basis for further Russian involvement in European affairs 1790s-partitioned Poland, eliminated Poland as state – starting basis for further Russian involvement in European affairs

RUSSIA Reform, then Repression Initially open to reform Initially open to reform Art, literature and science Art, literature and science Greater local self-government Greater local self-government Legal reforms Legal reforms Pugachev Rebellion, French Revolution led her to become more oppressive Pugachev Rebellion, French Revolution led her to become more oppressive

RUSSIA Russian Serfdom Carried over from pre-Mongol rule Carried over from pre-Mongol rule Russia & the West: Russia & the West: Europe, : rapid pop. growth & urbanization Europe, : rapid pop. growth & urbanization Russia: economically behind, sticks to agriculture Russia: economically behind, sticks to agriculture Russian food imports to W. Europe>>solidifies ag. econ. and thus, serfdom Russian food imports to W. Europe>>solidifies ag. econ. and thus, serfdom

RUSSIA : half of pop. enserfed to boyars, another 40% owes some allegiance to state : half of pop. enserfed to boyars, another 40% owes some allegiance to state Similarities to Western Serfdom: Similarities to Western Serfdom: worked manor-like estates worked manor-like estates could form village govts. could form village govts. Contrasts to Western Serfdom: Contrasts to Western Serfdom: could be bought and sold could be bought and sold no legal protection against abuse no legal protection against abuse Law Code of 1649—abolished freedom for runaways Law Code of 1649—abolished freedom for runaways

RUSSIALegacy Russian absolutism created environment of social and political tensions that lasted into 20 th century Russian absolutism created environment of social and political tensions that lasted into 20 th century Russia would continue to struggle with modernization Russia would continue to struggle with modernization Absolutism would eventually fail as Russia moved toward socialism and communism in late 19 th and early 20 th centuries Absolutism would eventually fail as Russia moved toward socialism and communism in late 19 th and early 20 th centuries