Babak Saedi MD OTOLARYNGOLOGIST TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENSES
Voice change Dyspnea Local pain Cough
Stridor Hoarseness Retraction (intercostal- suprasternal-supraclavicular) Drooling - bleeding - emphysema
Simplest adequate form of control should be selected Lower level Other medical problems
Prolonged intubation Ventilation support Manage bronchopulmonary secretion Upper airway obstruction Obstructive sleep apnea Bilateral vocal cord paralysis Inability to intubate Major head & neck surgery or trauma
Advantages lower risk of laryngotracheal injury improved comfort/mobility improve airway stabilization allows for oral nutrition improved secretion clearance
Sternal notch Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage - cricothyroid membrane - innominate artery - thyroid gland (isthmus) - recurrent laryngeal nerve
Venous supply Superior and middle thyroid v. drain into the IJ Inferior thyroid v. drains into the brachiocephalic trunk
Anatomy variant: thyroid ima artery, in 1.5% to 12%, in front of the trachea.
Emergent (slash trach) Urgent (awake) Elective
Optimally under general anesthesia Incision between sternal notch and cricoid Dissection in a vertical plane Thyroid isthmus (third and fourth ring) Entrance into trachea Tracheotomy tube insertion
Hemorrhage False route Electrocautery fire Injury to adjacent structures
Hemorrhage [most common ] Infection Subcutaneous emphysema Pneumomediastinum Pneumothorax [most common in infant ] Obstruction of tacheotomy tube Displacement of tube
Hemorrhage Tracheoesophageal fistula Tracheal stenosis Tracheocutaneous fistula