LEAF Nature’s Solar Panel

LEAF Leaf stalk Leaf blade Appendages at base of petiole Leaf lacking petiole Sessile Leaf blade Lamina Appendages at base of petiole Stipules Network of veins Vascular bundles

ARRANGEMENT Alternate Opposite Whorled One leaf per node Alternating along stem Most common Opposite Two leaves attached to a node Whorled Three or more attached to node

SIMPLE LEAF One blade on petiole

COMPOUND LEAF Multiple leaflets on petiole Pinnately compound Leaflets attached to extended petiole Rachis Bipinnately compound Multiple rachis

COMPOUND LEAF Multiple leaflets on petiole Palmately compound All leaflets attached to end of petiole Palm

VEINS Netted vein arrangement Parallel vein arrangement Dicots (broadleaves) Parallel vein arrangement Monocots (grasses) Only tree to have fan arrangement Ginkgo

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Capture light energy Store energy in form of carbohydrates Water Carbon dioxide

STOMATA Openings on lower surface of leaf Guard cells open and close Regulated by potassium (K) Inflated guard cells open Deflated guard cells closed

STOMATA Gas exchange Transpiration Carbon dioxide in Oxygen out Water vapor evaporation Cooling plant

RESPIRATION Consumption of carbohydrates Growth

EPIDERMIS Outer layer of cells Waxy cutin Cuticle Thicker in the presence of pollutants or pests Epidermis on top and bottom of leaf Stomata mostly on bottom

MESOPHYLL Cells between upper and lower epidermal layers Parenchyma cells with cholorplasts Cholorenchyma

MESOPHYLL Upper mesophyll Palisade mesophyll Two rows Compacted barrel-shaped chlorenchyma cells Majority of photosynthesis

MESOPHYLL Lower mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Loose arranged Abundant air spaces Primarily for gas exchange

VEINS Vascular bundles Contained in a thick wall of parenchyma cells Xylem Phloem Contained in a thick wall of parenchyma cells Bundle sheath

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Shade leaves Larger Thinner Lower part of tree Understory Larger Thinner Less sunlight and heat

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Arid leaves Thicker Fewer stomata Reduce transpiration

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Tendrils Climbing vines Whiplike strands sensitive to contact Wrap around object Thigmotropism Climbing vines In some cases, tendrils are stems Grapevine

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Spines Thorns Prickles Cactus spines are modified leaves Sclerenchyma cells Tree spines are modified stipules Short paired spines Thorns Modified stems Prickles Outgrowth from stem epidermis Rose and raspberries

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Storage leaves Water storage Succulents Large non-photosynthetic parenchyma cells Large vacuoles store water

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Storage leaves Carbohydrate storage Onion and other bulbs Rapid growth early in season

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Reproductive leaves Miniature plants on marge of leaf Kalanchoe

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Floral leaves Bracts Colorful modified leaves at base of flowers Poinsettia

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Carnivorous Over 200 species Bogs Nutrient deficient Acidic Wet

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Pitcher Plant Hollow leaves that often collect water Waxy interior with downward pointing hairs Difficult to escape Wetting agents make it difficult to swim Digested by enzymes

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Sundews Sticky fluid at the end of each hair follicle Digestive enzymes Hair bend inward upon contact of insect Can distinguish difference between protein object and inedible debris

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Venus flytrap Native to lower NC and upper SC Trigger hairs in foliar trap Close on insects instead of debris Touched a few times within seconds Trap reopens after digestion

SPECIALIZED LEAVES Bladderwort Submerged bladder leaves Trigger hairs outside a trap door Door opens and water rushes in along with aquatic insect

AUTUMN COLOR Chlorophyll in greatest supply Breaks down first Shorter day length and cooler temperatures No longer masks other pigments

AUTUMN COLOR Other pigments can be stored in vacuole Anthocyanin Red if sap is acidic Blue if sap is basic Betacyanins red

ABSCISSION Process of dropping leaves Evergreen plants Gradually shed leaves Deciduous plants Shed leaves in winter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iHIKhKCg6E