1. Stems and Leaves

2. Stem internal structure
A vascular bundle is a cord of xylem and phloem running through the stem (it’s thesame one that is found in the root)

4. Stem Internal Structure
Inside each bundle, the phloem is often positioned facing the stem surface; the xylem is positioned facing the stem center.

5. Stem Internal Structure
The vascular bundle is surrounded by ground tissue.
Dermal tissue is on the outside of the stem.

6. Leaf
Leaves represent a large surface area that is exposed to sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

7. Leaf Internal Structure

9. Leaf Internal Structure
The cuticle helps to prevent water loss.

10. Leaf Internal Structure
Mesophyll is parenchyma specialized for photosynthesis

11. Leaf Internal Structure
The palisade layer is exposed to direct sunlight
Cells in the lower part of the leaf are loosely arranged in the spongy layer (air sacs participate in gaseous exchange)

12. Leaf Internal Structure
Veins (vascular bundles of xylem and phloem) form a network for movement of water, solutes and photosynthetic products throughout the mesophyll

14. Leaf Internal Structure
Stomata are located mostly on the lower epidermis.

15. Leaf Internal Structure
Stomata are surrounded by two guard cells which open and close to regulate transpiration.

16. Leaf Internal Structure
Stomata are typically more abundant on the lower surface of the leaf, and sometimes only found there (except for floating aquatic plants like water lilies)