LING 702 Structure Class 2 Instructor: Bede McCormack

Levels of Meaning n Sub-sentential n Sentential n Supra-sentential

n What’s in a Word? Syntax Category Morphology

Lexical Categories n Nouns n Determiners n Verbs n Adjectives n Adverbs n Adpositions n Pronouns n Conjunctions

Nouns n Common vs. Proper n Count vs. Non-Count

Determiners n Not just the articles a, an, the n but also: u Demonstratives (this) u Possessives (our) u Interrogatives (whose)

Verbs n Subcategorization n Transitivity u Transitive u Intransitive u Ditransitive u Ergative

Adjectives n Comparative n Placement u Attributive u Predicative

Adverbs May be derived from adjectives Can modify various categories: Verbs Adjectives Other Adverbs Entire sentences

Pre vs. post-positions n The cat is on the roof n Neko ga yane no ue ni iru

Pronouns n Personal n Demonstrative n Interrogative n Relative n Indefinite n Reflexive

Conjunctions n Coordinating n Subordinating

Morphemes Bound vs. Free unawareunderstand applesaucerefrigerator receivingblackberry reliabilitycranberry antidisestablishmentarianism

Morphemes, cont’d Derivational vs. Inflectional n peach > peachesregiment > regimentation n n preach > preacherregiment > regimented n n wrap > unwraplonely > loneliness n n advise > advisabledark > darken > darkening n

Inflectional Morphology n On verbs, marks u Tense u Aspect u Person u Number F cf. Finegan, p. 55 n On Nouns, marks u Case u Person u Number F cf. Finegan, pp. 56, 57

Open or Closed? n Closed Categories n Open Categories u Adding words: F Affixation F Compounding F Borrowing F Conversion F Semantic shift F Blends F Acronyms

Activity n Finegan p. 51 u How many word-formation processes to you see in the graphic on p. 51?

Lexical & Phrasal Meaning n Lexical meaning u Denotation u Connotation u Homonymy (bear/bare) u Polysemy (live/live) u Lexical aspect u Argument structure u Semantic Fields

Phrasal Meaning n Collocations (tall vs. high building) n Set expressions u Grammatical form and semantic content largely fixed F The train was late F I told her, but she wouldn’t listen