Discussion Questions 2/13/15 Using your textbook, journal, handouts, or smart phone please complete the following: 1. What are the characteristics of the animal kingdom? 2. How are animal-like protists different from animals?

Reminders Review your discussion questions and ppt notes ~5 min each night for the daily quizzes. Animal Exam Zoo Trip Go to room 1135 Tues or Thurs for Science Peer Tutoring during PLC

Today’s Objective: OBJECTIVES: Describe and Explain the general characteristics of the Animal Kingdom

Evolutionary Trends Animalia Phyla

Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates 95% of all species of animals are invertebrates Other 5% of animals are vertebrates – –Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Cephalization Cephalization - concentration of sense organs & nerve cells at the front end of the body In general, the more complex an animal is, the more pronounced is their cephalization (head formation) 

Kingdom Animalia General Infomation

Multicellular & Eukaryotic Organisms Cells lack cell walls & are specialized to carry out different functions Cells lack cell walls & are specialized to carry out different functions Groups of specialized cells form tissues, which form organs and organ systems Groups of specialized cells form tissues, which form organs and organ systems

Multicellular & Eukaryotic Organisms Most animals have 4 types of tissues: –E–E–E–Epithelial –M–M–M–Muscular –C–C–C–Connective –N–N–N–Nervous

Detritivores Detritivores Filter Feeders Filter Feeders 7 Essential Functions 1. Feeding – HETEROTROPHIC Herbivores Herbivores Carnivores Carnivores Omnivores Omnivores

7 Essential Functions 2. Respiration All animals respire (take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide) All animals respire (take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide) Gas exchange methods range from simple diffusion to complex tissues/organs Gas exchange methods range from simple diffusion to complex tissues/organs

7 Essential Functions 3. Circulation Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste among an animal’s cells Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste among an animal’s cells Small aquatic animals rely on diffusion Small aquatic animals rely on diffusion Larger animals have a circulatory system Larger animals have a circulatory system –Open C.S. - blood is pumped through a series of sinuses or cavities and comes in direct contact with tissues –Closed C.S. - blood is always contained within vessels

7 Essential Functions 4. Excretion Most animals have an excretory system to eliminate or neutralize ammonia (a primary waste product of cells) Most animals have an excretory system to eliminate or neutralize ammonia (a primary waste product of cells) Excretory systems vary from cells that pump water out of the body to complex structures like kidneys Excretory systems vary from cells that pump water out of the body to complex structures like kidneys

7 Essential Functions 5. Response Animals respond to stimuli using nerve cells Nervous systems are present in most animals Simple nervous systems - networks of nerve cells Complex nervous systems - include a brain which directs the whole organism

6. Movement Sessile – attached to a surface; have muscles or muscle-like tissues that allow some movement – feeding by pumping water through the body Sessile – attached to a surface; have muscles or muscle-like tissues that allow some movement – feeding by pumping water through the body Motile – free to move by muscle contractions Motile – free to move by muscle contractions

P 2 = slate Sessile or motile? Sessile or motile? a.b.

7 Essential Functions 7. Reproduction Sexually – through the combining of haploid gametes Sexually – through the combining of haploid gametes –Creates and maintains genetic diversity in populations –Improves the ability to adapt to environmental changes Asexually – through budding or fission Asexually – through budding or fission –Allows for quick reproduction –Allows for mass reproduction

Early Development Zygote Zygote Blastula Blastula Blastopore Blastopore Protostome Protostome Deuterostome Deuterostome

Body Cavity Acoelomate Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate Coelomate Coelom Coelom

Symmetry Radial Symmetry – multiple planes of symmetry Radial Symmetry – multiple planes of symmetry Bilateral Symmetry – one plane Bilateral Symmetry – one plane Asymmetry – no apparent symmetry Asymmetry – no apparent symmetry Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Planes of symmetry Plane of symmetry Ventral side Dorsal side Posterior end Anterior end

anterior – toward the head posterior – toward the tail dorsal – back side ventral – belly side

Phyla Book Work on your phyla book