Exercise Science Section 1: The Anatomical Position An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9

The Anatomical Position Anatomical position: Anatomists and physiologists view the human body in this standard starting point Body in an upright standing position Face and feet pointing forward Arms at side and forearms fully supinated (palms facing forward)

Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes relate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another: Transverse plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior segments Sometimes referred to as a cross-sectional view Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left segments can be (millions of sagittal planes are possible) Mid-sagittal plane – divides the body into two perfect halves at the mid-line Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior segments

Anatomical Axes Anatomical Axes are used to describe the direction of movement at joints: Longitudinal (polar) axis: In a “north-south” relationship to the anatomical position Horizontal (bilateral) axis: In an “east-west” relationship to the anatomical position Antero-posterior axis: In a “front-to-back” relationship to the anatomical position

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Flexion - Extension Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones Extension: increasing the angle between two bones

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Abduction – Adduction – Lateral Flexion Abduction: moving away from the midline Adduction: moving towards the midline Lateral Flexion: moving the spine or neck away from the midline (also sometimes called abduction)

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Rotation - Internal Rotation - External Rotation Internal rotation: rotating inward towards the midline (also called medial rotation) External rotation: rotating outward away from the midline (also called lateral rotation) Rotation: moving a part around an axis

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Circumduction Circumduction: circular motion (combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction)

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Supination - Pronation Supination: lateral rotation of the hand and forearm Pronation: medial rotation of the hand and forearm

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Protraction - Retraction Protraction: moving in a forward (anterior) position Retraction: moving in a backward (posterior) position

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Dorsiflexion - Plantar Flexion Dorsiflexion: pointing the foot upward Plantar flexion: pointing the foot downward

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Opposition and Reposition Opposition: moving thumb toward the fingers Reposition: returning thumb back to anatomical position

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Depression - Elevation Depression: lowering a part Elevation: raising a part

Basic Movements Involving a Joint Inversion - Eversion Inversion: moving the sole of the foot toward the median plane Eversion: moving the sole of the foot away from the median plane Inversion

In terms of RUNNING: Some salespeople will refer to the “gait” or running pattern using the following terms: Pronation = dorsiflexion + abduction + eversion Supination = plantarflexion + adduction + inversion

Describing Position and Movement Anterior: front surface of the body Posterior: back surface of the body Superior: refers to structures being closer to the top of the body (excluding limbs) Inferior: refers to structures being closer to the lower part of the body (excluding limbs) Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal Lateral: away from the midline or mid-sagittal Proximal: towards the upper segment of a limb Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb

Other Terms: (these aren’t in your workbook!) Deep - away from the surface/further into the body Superficial – on the surface or shallow Supine – lying with the back surface downward (face-up) Prone – with the front surface downward (face-down)

Relationship Between Axes and Planes Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example Horizontal (Bilateral) Sagittal Flexion/Extension Longitudinal (Polar) Transverse Rotation of extremities/Axial rotation Antero-Posterior Frontal Abduction/Adduction

Finding Axes and Planes Axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement In the anatomical position: all flexion/extension occurs in the sagittal plane, all abduction/adduction occurs in the frontal plane, and all rotation occurs in the transverse plane More involved movements usually occur as a combination of motions from more than one plane Longitudinal Axis 90o Transverse Plane

Twirling What is the axis of rotation? Longitudinal/Polar axis What is the plane of motion? Longitudinal/Polar axis Transverse plane

Various Planes of Movement AXIS PLANE Stride Jump Side Bend Elbow extension Nodding head “yes” Twirling Shaking head “no”

Various Planes of Movement AXIS PLANE Stride Jump Antero-Posterior Frontal Side Bend Elbow extension Horizontal Sagittal Nodding head “yes” Twirling Longitudinal/Polar Transverse Shaking head “no”

Read chapter 1 and complete the following pages in your workbook for tomorrow: