CHAPTER 17 THE JAZZ AGE (1921 - 1929)

16.4 – ELECTION OF 1920 DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS P – James M. Cox VP – Franklin Roosevelt Ignored Wilson’s advice to focus on the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations P – Warren Harding VP – Calvin Coolidge “Return to normalcy”- simpler days prior to the Progressive Movement Won in a landslide People wanted an end to labor unrest, violence, economic problems, racial tension…..thought Harding could provide these things

Warren G. Harding

Sold jobs Teapot Dome Bribery Sold pardons 17.1 – POLITICS OF THE 1920s Harding’s administration was plagued by scandals….Ohio Gang was less than perfect (see graphic organizer) Sold jobs Teapot Dome Sold medical supplies Bribery Sold pardons

17.1 – CALVIN COOLIDGE Harding died in 1923 and Coolidge became president Disgusted with the corruption (forced Daugherty to resign) CC believed that prosperity relied on business leadership, gov’t should interfere very little Easily won the election of 1924 Calvin Coolidge

17.1 – CHANGES TO THE ECONOMY 3 goals: balance the budget, reduce national debt, cut taxes Created the Bureau of the Budget (unified the federal budget) and the General Accounting Office (GAO – tracks spending) Cut spending; budget fell by more than half Lowered taxes Believed lower taxes would increase spending, investment, employment….; lead to an actual increase in tax revenue (supply-side economics) ANDREW MELLON – S. of the Treasury

17.1 – CHANGES TO THE ECONOMY HERBERT HOOVER – S. of Commerce Wanted to balance gov’t regulation w/ cooperative individualism Businesses would share/work with government Reduce costs, promote economic efficiency Created the Bureau of Aviation and the Federal Radio Commission to help promote and regulate both industries Obama’s cabinet

17.2 – A GROWING ECONOMY (A lot of things were changing in the ‘20s) Automobile

17.2 – A GROWING ECONOMY Assembly Line Henry Ford

17.2 – A GROWING ECONOMY Charles Lindbergh airplanes

17.2 – A GROWING ECONOMY Radio

17.2 – A GROWING ECONOMY Shorter work weeks Higher Wages

17.3 – A CLASH OF VALUES See your photo essay for this section

17.4 – CULTURAL INNOVATIONS You are responsible for this section on your own

17.5 – AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE Great Migration – thousands moved from rural South to northern cities during WWI and the ‘20s - massive demographic/social impact on the country - examples??? Harlem became the center of an AA renaissance Art, racial pride, political organization This development of AA arts and culture became known as the Harlem Renaissance

17.5 – WRITERS Claude McKay: Harlem Shadows (poetry) 1st important writer of the HR Defiance, contempt for racism Zora Neale Hurston: Jonah’s Gourd Vine and Their Eyes Were Watching God described rural AA culture women as main characters Langston Hughes: writing emphasized racial pride I, Too, Sing America

17.5 – JAZZ, BLUES & THEATER Louis Armstrong introduced an early form of jazz Great cornet and trumpet soloist Revolutionized jazz and music in general Cover of TIME magazine in 1949 Duke Ellington – bandleader, influenced by ragtime Wrote a ton of music Started at the Cotton Club Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington

17.5 – JAZZ, BLUES & THEATER In addition to jazz, blues became very popular Blues is seen as soulful, emotional Evolved from AA spirituals Bessie Smith was the “Empress of the Blues” Along with music, theater arts were also a major part of the HR Shuffle Along made its Broadway debut in 1921 Famous performers included Paul Robeson and Josephine Baker Paul Robeson

17.5 – POLITICS A march by AA veterans of WWI through Manhattan to Harlem represented new hopes/aspirations as a result of the Great Migration AAs became a more powerful voting bloc in the north Usually voted for Republicans (party of Abraham Lincoln) Oscar DePriest – first AA representative in Congress from a northern State (Illinois)

17.5 – POLITICS NAACP – focused on influencing public officials and working through the courts Efforts decrease lynching (Senate defeated a bill to outlaw it) Growing power of the NAACP seen in the defeat of John Parker’s appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court

17.5 – POLITICS NAACP fought for political and economic power, others fought for black nationalism and black pride Separate from white society? Marcus Garvey “Negro Nationalism” Established the Universal Negro Improvement Association AAs could gain advances by educating themselves; should separate from whites Go to Africa? Some AAs did not like him; too radical, insulted them… Back to Africa movement never became a reality, but he had a lasting impact on black pride Marcus Garvey