Influential Individuals in Education: Jerome Bruner, Nel Noddings, and William Bennett Amanda Meltzer Kelsey Hickman Hannah Alvine Kelly Murphy Ashley Fellin Michael Kurtz

Jerome Bruner Born in 1915 in New York City Education: Received bachelor’s degree at Duke in 1937 and his Ph.D in 1947 from Harvard Work Experience: Department of Psychology at Harvard Taught at Oxford Currently working at New York University

Educational Ideology and Important Works Received award in 1963 from American Psychological Association The Process of Education (1960) The Culture of Education (1996) Toward a Theory of Instruction Founding father of constructivism Learning is active and builds off of past experiences Theory of categorization Learning theories Structure, motivation, encouragement

Bruner’s Theory of Instruction and Cognitive Development Major Features of Bruner's Theory of Instruction Predisposition to learn Structure of knowledge Modes of representation: visual, words, symbols Effective sequencing in learning concepts Cognitive Development First stage: Enactive Second stage: Iconic Third stage: Symbolic Four Characteristics of Effective Instruction according to Bruner Personalized Content Structure Sequencing Reinforcement

Nel Noddings Born in 1929 Attended a public school in New Jersey Parents did not graduate high school and had detachment from her family “found intellectual models in teachers” Montclair University – bachelors taught public elementary and high school Rutgers University - Masters Stanford University – Doctorate Established professor at Stanford University in 1977 She proceeded to teach at Columbia University, Colgate University, and Eastern Michigan University.

Major Works Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (1984) Pictured to the left Women and Evil (1989) The Challenge of Care in Schools (1992) Educating Moral People (2002) Happiness and Education (1995) Critical Lessons (2006)

Educational Ideologies Emphasis on “Relation” What is consciousness like when we “care”? “Motivational displacement” Exchange is contribution to “moral life” The problem lies in the conditions in which they are working.

William Bennett Born in Brooklyn July 31, Grew up in Washington D.C. Attended Catholic schools K-12 and graduated from Gonzaga College High School, graduated from Williams College 1986 switched from the Democratic party to the Republican party. Accomplishments: Executive Director of the National Humanities Center ( ) Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities (1981–85) Secretary of the Department of Education (1985–88) Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (1989–90)

Important Works Wrote 12 books including: The Educated Child: A Parent's Guide from Preschool through Eighth Grade (1999) The De-Valuing of America: The Fight for Our Culture and Our Children (1992) In 1993 Bennett published The Book of Virtues, a collection of stories, poems, and fables intended to teach values to children

Contributions to Education He called the educational establishment: "The Blob" or bloated educational bureaucracy. His reform ideas: Competency testing for teachers Opening the teaching profession to knowledgeable individuals who have not graduated from "Schools of Education”. Performance-based pay for teachers Holding educators accountable for how much kids learn. A national examination to find out exactly how much our children know. Parental choice of schools. Supported Reagan's student loan program cuts, saying that some individuals should not go to college. Focus was on Three C's: Content, Character, and Choice.