What do you remember about the enlightenment? Agenda 1. Drill 2. Enlightenment Intro Video 3. Survey 4. Maybe Gallery Walk if there is time.

There is a trend in studying the enlightenment that I hope you get from the video 8_gwj0M

September 12, 2012  Drill: Life, Liberty and Property was pushed by what enlightenment thinker? AGENDA Drill Get back quizzes First stage of Philosophers Walk Around

Enlightenment Thinkers  Thinkers walk around ▪ In pairs, answer the questions based on the articles. Circulate around articles, answering questions in the packet. We will only have time for maybe one today…..ok maybe two.

September 13, 2012  Drill  Which Enlightenment philosopher argued for balance of powers, or branches, in government? Agenda 1. Drill 2. Finish Walk Around 3. Go over walk around  Montesquieu 5th 11:33 –12:08 6th 12:12 – 12:47 7th 12:51 – 1:26 8th 1:30 – 2:05 9th 2:09 – 2:44

September 14, 2012  Drill: Why did Montesquieu believe women could be valuable in government? Agenda Drill Go over article questions Essential questions on the back  Women are gentle, pure, uncorrupt, weak, humble. Unlike men who are harsh and ferocious. Homework: Finish Essential Questions 1-3 on back if not done in class Homework: Finish Essential Questions 1-3 on back if not done in class ATTN: Computer Lab on Monday

1. Hobbes wrote in Leviathan that people are naturally wicked and cannot be trusted to govern (likes monarchy). 2. He believed that all people are equal, & that this equality leads to competition & violence. In Leviathan Hobbes wrote that humans are driven by a “perpetual & reckless desire for power…that ceases only in death,” and that the natural condition of humankind is a situation of “a war…”

3. Because he thought that people act in their own selfish interests 4. He also felt that nations, like people, are selfishly motivated and in a constant battle for power & wealth 5. Governments were created, according to Hobbes, to protect people from their own selfishness & evil. He believed that it is not possible for people to have both freedom & peace, since the state of freedom is a state of unlimited greed & war.

6. Hobbes believed that a ruler’s absolute power comes not from God, but from people rationally deciding that this is in their best interests. Hobbes considered that the ruler could abuse his or her absolute power & become cruel & unfair. 7. However, this problem could be lessened, Hobbes believed, by appointing a diverse group of representatives to present the problems of the common people to the leviathan. These representatives would only have the power to present opinions, since all final decisions would be made by the leviathan (the Monarch).

8. The role of Government is to protect the people from each other and provide stability and peace for the civilization.

1. He was deeply influenced by the writing of the French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes, who proclaimed that all men possess the ability to reason. Locke also believed that people develop reason and can therefore rationally settle their differences by seeking a middle ground & compromising. 2. Throughout his writings, Locke argued that people have the gift of reason, or the ability to think. Locke thought people have the natural ability to govern themselves & to look after the well-being of society

3. Governments are formed, according to Locke, to protect the right to life, the right to freedom, & the right to property. These rights are absolute, belonging to all people. 4. If any government abuses the rights of the people instead of protecting them, the people have the right to rebel & form a new government.

 “Whenever [the preservation of life, liberty, & property for which power is given to rulers by a commonwealth] is manifestly neglected or opposed, the trust must necessarily be forfeited & then [returned] into the hands of those that gave it, who may place it anew where they think best for their safety & security”

1. On the Spirit of the Laws outlined his ideas on how government would best work. 2. He thought that women were weaker than men & that they had to obey the commands of their husbands. At the same time, he felt that the gentler nature of women could make them valuable decision makers & participants in government.

3. There are three forms of government: monarchy (rule by a king or a queen), aristocracy (rule by the noble or wealth class), & republicanism (rule by elected leaders). 4. Montesquieu believed, should be based on political virtue (moral goodness) & equality, in that aspect he likes republics, and opposes monarchies.

5. He thought that England in the 18 th century provided the best model of government because it divided power among three parts: King, Parliament and the courts

1. Rousseau believed that people are born good, independent, & compassionate. It left to their own devices in a state of nature people would naturally live happily & peacefully 2. Society’s institutions, like government, schools, the arts, and the media, corrupt naturally good individuals.

3. Each adult male voted on laws himself, without anybody representing him This form of direct democracy also flourished briefly in ancient Athens & Rome

1. Wollstonecraft did not want to get married and be controlled by her husband like many other women she knew. Marriage suppressed women at that time. 2. Women led a restricted life during Wollstonecraft’s time. Men gradually thought that women had an inferior intellect & considered them weak by nature

1. Wollstonecraft did not want to get married and be controlled by her husband like many other women she knew. Marriage suppressed women at that time. 2. Women led a restricted life during Wollstonecraft’s time. Men gradually thought that women had an inferior intellect & considered them weak by nature

3. Human nature can be perfected if education is improved & oppression ended. 4. She demanded that women, whether married or single, must participate in civic & political life, & that they be able to study professions

JOHN LOCKE  All people have certain rights  The government is supposed to protect everyone’s rights  If the government fails to protect people’s rights →people can overthrow the government Montesquieu Separate the powers of government: Rousseau  Social Contract” Majority rule Hobbes Jerk

September 17, 2012  Drill: Enlightenment ideas led which estate into thinking change was necessary in the French Revolution? Agenda Drill Video Enlightenment into F.R. Guided Notes

 Scientific Revolution: A change in the way people looked for answers to life’s questions  a time when math and science were used to make decisions (not faith)  Scientific Method: a process of experimentation and observation  Geocentric Theory:  “Earth” centered universe  Supported by the Church  Heliocentric Theory: Developed by Copernicus, proven by Galileo  “Sun” centered universe  Proven with a telescope to be true  Went against the Church’s teachings

 Common people became aware of new rights they had  People began to consider revolution as an option to change their government

 3 political revolutions we will study:  American  French  Latin American

 When: Late 1770’sWhere: British colonies in America Goal: to break away from British control  How the Enlightenment influenced American Patriots  The Declaration of Independence:  LOCKE: all humans have political rights; the people have ht right to overthrow a bad government  The U.S. Constitution:  MONTESQUIEU: separation of powers  ROUSSEAU: - “Social contract” between people and government

 Impact the American Revolution had on other cultures  It inspired other people to have their own revolutions  The U.S. Constitution became a model for other nations to follow and use

 When: 1780s and 1790s  Goal: Wanted new government to protect them  Causes:  Social Class System – poorest people paid all the taxes  Economic Problems – poor govt. decisions and bad harvests caused starvation for the poor  Enlightenment Ideas – they let common people realize that they had choices about their govt.  American Revolution – The Inspiration

The French Estates The 3 rd estate had equal rights under the law of the Estates General; but in reality very few rights….why is this a problem?