Climate Change Climate Change and Sanitation 1 Naomi Radke, seecon international GmbH

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Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Contents 1. Introduction 2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation 3. Mitigation: Energy Production 4. Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery 5. Adaptation to Water Scarcity 6. Adaptation to Flooding 7. Emission Trading as an Additional Benefit 8. Conclusion 9. References 3

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: = presence of greenhouse gases lead to warming of the earth’s surface 4 1. Introduction Source: [Accessed: ] Some radiation (sun heat) passes the atmosphere and reaches the earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere stop the radiation to escape the atmosphere so that the warming on the earth’s surface is intensified. Human (=anthropogenic) activities  greenhouse gas emissions The Greenhouse Gas Effect

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Relevant Greenhouse Gases and Major Anthropogenic Sources 5 1. Introduction CO 2 N2ON2O N2ON2O CH 4 Sources: fossil fuel combustion biomass combustion (primarily deforestation) Sources: fossil fuels enteric fermentation rice paddies Sources: cultivated soil biomass burning Source: com/blog/wp- content/uploads/2012/11/HiRes.jpg [Accessed: ] com/blog/wp- content/uploads/2012/11/HiRes.jpg Source: US/products/equipment/frontier_implements/t illage_equipment/tillage_equipment.page [Accessed: ] US/products/equipment/frontier_implements/t illage_equipment/tillage_equipment.page Source: energy-update-keystone-dilemma- drop-co2-bucket-list/carbonemissions/ [Accessed: ] energy-update-keystone-dilemma- drop-co2-bucket-list/carbonemissions/ Source: /2012/nov/28/amazon-deforestation-record-low [Accessed: ] /2012/nov/28/amazon-deforestation-record-low

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Rise in temperature °C by end of 21 st century leading to: Change in rainfall patterns: increased risk of drought, fire and floods Rising sea level and weakening of sea currents Further impacts are explained e.g. on The Nature Conservancy’s website ( Introduction Source: ag/drought/ [Accessed: ] ag/drought/ Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Effect Source: vel.com/wp- content/uploads/2012/08/ new-orleans-flooding.jpg [Accessed: ] vel.com/wp- content/uploads/2012/08/ new-orleans-flooding.jpg Source: l-warming-climate-change/threats-impacts/rising-seas.xml [Accessed: ] l-warming-climate-change/threats-impacts/rising-seas.xml

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: The many changes in climate due to temperature rise (climate change) threaten survival on the planet as they effect: food security (through droughts) shelter (through areas flooded in the future/droughts) health (through heat waves) 7 Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Effect 1. Introduction

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Prevention and Mitigation versus Adaption Prevention and Mitigation: Reduce climate change by Reducing greenhouse gas effect by Reducing greenhouse gases at its anthropogenic sources Adaption: Cope with climate change by Adapting yourself to the new environmental circumstances 1. Introduction

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Sustainable Sanitation for Climate Change Mitigation Sustainable sanitation = opportunities to mitigate climate change 9 2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation Energy production Biogas production Biomass production Nutrient recovery N-reuse from urine from wastewater  Reduces primary energy consumption (from non-renewable sources)  Avoids energy- intensive production of mineral fertiliser

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Sustainable Sanitation for Climate Change Adaptation Sustainable sanitation = opportunities to adapt to climate change Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation water and wastewater management adaptation to water scarcity adaptation to flooding  Reduces primary water resources demand

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Biogas = a renewable energy Mitigation: Energy Production Biogas Production Production = bacteria decompose organic matter under anaerobic conditions (= in the absence of oxygen) and turn it into biogas Substrates that can be used for biogas production: Blackwater (= mix of excreta and flushing water) Organic waste from households or agricultural farms Animal manure Sewage sludge from domestic wastewater Human excreta from dry toilets Anaerobic Biogas Reactor. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Biogas is usually piped from the tank into a: Biogas Cooking Stove Biogas Lamp Mitigation: Energy Production Biogas Production – Direct Use Running a gas lamp from biogas, Vietnam. Source: PBPO (2006) Biogas stove in kitchen, India. Source: FULFARD (2008)

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Generating electricity from biogas. This requires converting chemical electricity to mechanical electricity by a heat engine. The mechanical electricity then activates a generator to produce electric power. Usually, combustion engines are used as a heat engine. About half of the thermal energy of a heat engine is lost and not converted into electricity. A combined heat and power unit can take advantage of this excess heat Mitigation: Energy Production Biogas Production – Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit “micro size” in Germany. Source: SUSANA (2009)

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Large-scale biogas plants are almost always combined plants (see small-scale: electricity and heat) based on gas turbines (more efficient but more expensive than combustion engines) Mitigation: Energy Production Biogas Production – Large-Scale Usually found in district heating systems of: big cities hospitals wastewater treatment plants paper mills and more Source: SCHALLER (2007)

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Biomass = a non-fossil energy source which is neither always harmful nor always neutral to climate Renewable biomass: Wood (in case harvest ≤ growth) Other wooden biomass (provided cultivated area remains constant) Animal or human manure Aolid organic waste (domestic or industrial) Mitigation: Energy Production Biomass Production Food vs. biomass conflict Source: energy/biomass-energy/biomass-energy.html [Accessed: ] energy/biomass-energy/biomass-energy.html

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Both biogas and biomass as an energy source are emission neutral: Emissions through combustion = previous uptake of greenhouse gases Example: a growing tree sequesters carbon while growing. The accumulated carbon in tree biomass will be emitted when tree is burned for energy generation.  Emission reductions as primary energy from fossil fuel is substituted by emission neutral energy sources Mitigation: Energy Production Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO 2

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Nitrogen (N-)fertiliser requires the most energy for artificial production (compared to other mineral fertilisers (P and K))  Focus on N-fertiliser with regard to mitigating climate-relevant effects 87% of the excreted nitrogen is in urine  Focus on urine recovery and reuse most efficient means of emission reductions through nutrient recovery Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery Nutrient Recovery from Urine Urine application in agriculture as seen in Burkina Faso. Source: FALL (2009)

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Production of artificial Nitrogen fertiliser is very energy-intensive by the Haber-Bosch process. Recycling nitrogen from urine reduces the demand for primary nitrogen fertiliser and thus the emissions that are attached to its energy- intensive production Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Source: Requires 1-2% of the world’s annual energy supply (WIKIPEDIA, 2013)

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Measures in Sanitation to Cope with Water Scarcity Among others: Appropriately treated wastewater or rainwater reused for irrigation (wastewater use also reduces need for mineral fertiliser) Use dry toilet systems Increase cultivation of drought-resistant crops Reduce physical water losses through repairing leaking pipes Adaptation to Water Scarcity Garden irrigated with treated blackwater in Peru. Source: SUSANA (2009)

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Building sanitation system components in a way that they are: Not affected by flooding urine-diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) built high enough above ground Water can evacuate quickly sludge drying beds constructed wetlands Adaptation to Flooding Measures in Sanitation to Cope with Water Scarcity Planted drying bed. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: The Clean Development Mechanism The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), initiated by the Kyoto Protocol, compensates emission reduction efforts in development countries. The generated carbon credits are traded in a carbon market.  Applicable for reductions achieved through sustainable sanitation systems Yet, CDM projects generate high fixed costs, thus a minimum project scale is required to make CDM compensation economically viable Emission Trading as an Additional Benefit Carbon credits arise from emission reduction through CDM projects and industry can compensate their excess emissions through buying carbon credits. Source:

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: Sustainable Sanitation and Climate Change Mitigation+ Adaptation Conclusion Sustainable sanitation projects Mitigation Energy production Biogas production Biomass production Nutrient recovery Urine as fertiliser Adaptation Adaptation to water scarcity Adaptation to flooding  Most of these measures lead to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions  If emission reductions achieved in development countries, they could be financially compensated through the creation of carbon credits within the Clean Development Mechanism

Climate Change Find this presentation and more on: 9. References FALL (2009): Urban Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets and Reuse Ouagadougou Burkina Faso - Draft. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Available at: [Accessed: ] FULFARD, D. (1996): Biogas Stove Design. A short course. Kingdom Bioenergy Ltd.; University of Reading.Biogas Stove Design PBPO (Editor) (2006): Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Animal Husbandry Sector in some Provinces of Vietnam. Hanoi: Provincial Biogas Project Office Hanoi. Available at: report-biogas-programme-vietnam-en.pdf [Accessed: ] report-biogas-programme-vietnam-en.pdf SCHALLER, M. (2007): Biogas electricity production hits 17,272GWh a year in Europe. In: Engineer Live, Available at: [Accessed: ] SUSANA (Editor) (2009): Links between Sanitation, Climate Change and Renewable Energies. Eschborn. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Available at: [Accessed: ]Links between Sanitation, Climate Change and Renewable Energieshttp:// TILLEY, E.; LUETHI, C.; MOREL, A.; ZURBRUEGG, C.; SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf and Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). Available at: [Accessed: ] WIKIPEDIA (2013): Haber Process. URL: [Accessed: ]

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