Chapter One: The Selection of a Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches Third Edition John W. Creswell

Table of Contents of Book Part I: Preliminary Considerations 1. The Selection of a Research Design 2. Review of the Literature 3. The Use of Theory 4. Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations Part II. Designing Research 5. The Introduction 6. The Purpose Statement 7. Research Questions and Hypotheses 8. Quantitative Methods 9. Qualitative Procedures 10. Mixed Methods Procedures

Chapter Outline The Three Types of Designs Three Components Involved in a Design Philosophical Worldviews The Postpositivist Worldview The Social Constructivist Worldview The Advocacy and Participatory Worldview The Pragmatic Worldview Strategies of Inquiry Quantitative Strategies Qualitative Strategies Mixed Methods Strategies Research Methods Research Designs as Worldviews, Strategies, and Methods Criteria for Selecting a Research Design The Research Problem Personal Experiences Audience

The Three Types of Designs Qualitative research Quantitative research Mixed methods research Research design Plan or proposal to conduct research Intersection of: Philosophical worldviews Strategies of inquiry Research methods

Four Worldviews for Research Postpositivism Constructivism Determination Reductionism Empirical observation and measurement Theory verification Understanding Multiple participant meanings Social and historical construction Theory generation Advocacy/Participatory Pragmatism Political Empowerment issue-oriented Collaborative Change-oriented Consequences of actions Problem-centered Pluralistic Real-world practice oriented

Strategies of Inquiry Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Methods Experimental designs Non-experimental designs, such as surveys Narrative research Phenomenology Ethnographies Grounded theory studies Case study Sequential Concurrent Transformative

Research Methods Quantitative Methods Mixed Methods Qualitative Methods Pre-determined Instrument-based questions Performance, attitude, observational, and census data Statistical analyses Statistical interpretation Both pre-determined and emerging methods Both open- and closed-ended questions Multiple forms of data drawing on all possibilities Statistical and text analyses Across databases interpretation Emerging methods Open-ended questions Interview, observation, document, and audio-visual data Text and image analyses Themes, patterns interpretation

Research Designs as Worldviews, Strategies, and Methods Tend to or typically... Qualitative Approaches Quantitative Approaches Mixed Methods Approaches Use these philosophical assumptions Constructivist/ Advocacy/ Participatory knowledge claims Post-postivist knowledge claims Pragmatic knowledge claims Employ these strategies of inquiry Phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case study, & narrative Surveys & experiments Sequential, concurrent, & transformative Employ these methods Open-ended questions, emerging approaches, text or image data Closed-ended questions, pre-determined approaches, numeric data Both open- and closed-ended questions, both emerging and predetermined approaches, & both quantitative and qualitative data and analysis

Research Designs as Worldviews, Strategies, and Methods (cont.) Tend to or typically... Qualitative Approaches Quantitative Approaches Mixed Methods Approaches Use these practices of research, as the researcher Positions him- or herself Collects participant meanings Focuses on a single concept or phenomenon Brings personal values into the study Studies the context or setting of participants Validates the accuracy of findings Makes interpretations of the data Creates an agenda for change or reform Collaborates with the participants Tests of verifies theories or explanations Identifies variables to study Relates variables in questions or hypotheses Uses standards of validity and reliability Observes and measures information numerically Uses unbiased approaches Employs statistical procedures Collects both quantitative and qualitative data Develops a rationale for mixing Integrates the data at different stages of inquiry Presents visual pictures of the procedures in the study Employs the practices of both qualitative and quantitative research

Criteria for Selecting a Research Design The Research Problem An issue or concern that needs to be addressed (see Chapter 5) If the problem calls for Explanation or theory testing: Quantitative Exploration or understanding: Qualitative One approach alone is inadequate: Mixed methods Personal Experiences Training, preferences, time, resources Audience Advisors, journal editors, graduate committees, etc.

Chapter One: The Selection of a Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches Third Edition John W. Creswell