1. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.1 Chapter 11 Turning the Story and Conclusion

2. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.2 The Components of Qualitative Research Approaches to Inquiry Approaches to Inquiry Research Design Research Design Assumptions, Worldviews, Theories Assumptions, Worldviews, Theories

3. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.3 Turning the Story It is a way to illustrate how each of the five different approaches to qualitative research could be used to address a general problem The problem associated with the Gunman Case Study (Appendix F) will be used –The general problem: How did the campus react? –Specific scenarios can be constructed to illustrate how this problem can be addressed using each of the five approaches

4. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.4 The Case Study Approach The research questions focused on description and thematic analysis The case study approach focused on description of the incident and then analysis through levels of abstraction The case study approach provided some interpretation by relating the context to larger theoretical frameworks The case study included multiple sources of data

5. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.5 The Narrative Approach A narrative approach would focus on one individual such as an instructor who was involved in the incident The narrative would look at that individual’s response and might be situated within racial and cultural contexts The narrative research question would focus on the life experiences of the individual and how those experiences form and shape the individual’s reaction to the incident

6. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.6 The Narrative Approach (cont.) Epiphanies would be examined The stories would be restoried into a single account that followed a chronology of events The story could also be organized into the personal, social, and interactional components using the three-dimensional model Validation would be done by including a detailed description of the context to reveal the historical and interactional features of the experience

7. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.7 The Phenomenological Approach The focus would be on the meaning of the experience (the meaning of fear) The assumption is that the concept of fear was expressed by the students during the incident The data would consist of extensive interviews There would be an epoche that describes the researcher’s fears and experiences

8. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.8 The Phenomenological Approach (cont.) Significant statements would be located Themes would be constructed from significant statements A textual description describing what they experienced and a structural description describing how they experienced it would be written and combined into the essence of the experience that describes the meaning of the experience

9. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.9 The Grounded Theory Approach The study would focus on developing a theory about the experiences of the incident The research questions would focus around the parts of grounded theory such as causes, strategies, contexts, intervening conditions, and consequences The data analyses would follow the grounded theory model of open, axial and selective coding that would result in theoretical propositions Validation would focus on the rigor of the research process

10. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.10 The Ethnographic Approach The study would focus on a culture- sharing group such as the micro-culture of students who were involved in the incident or the entire campus The research questions would focus on the roles of the participants and the roles that they played in helping people through the incident The researcher would need to build rapport with the community participants

11. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.11 The Ethnographic Approach Cultural themes would be explored Data collection would consist of observations over time of the classroom where the incident occurred and the newspaper accounts of the incident The narrative would consist of a detailed description of the campus, an analysis of cultural themes The interpretation would either be an objective account or positioned within the researcher’s experience

12. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.12 How the Approach Shapes the Design The focus of the study suggests a particular approach –The approach may not be always clear –For example, a single case study of an individual may take the form of a biography or case study An interpretive orientation flows throughout qualitative research –Words flow from the researcher’s personal experience –The participants and readers will have their own interpretations

13. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.13 How the Approach Shapes the Design (cont.) The approach to inquiry shapes the language of the research design procedures in a study –The terminology associated with the approach is needed to encode the text of the study within the approach to research –The approach is reflected in the language used to write the purpose statement, and central question –The approach is reflected in how the introduction, methodology, and data analysis sections are written

14. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.14 How the Approach Shapes the Design (cont.) The approach to inquiry shapes the number and types of participants that are chosen for the study –In biography only one or two participants are chosen as opposed to interviews with multiple individuals in grounded theory or phenomenology –In phenomenology all participants must have experienced the phenomenon while in ethnography they are part of a culture- sharing group

15. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.15 How the Approach Shapes the Design (cont.) The distinctions among the approaches are most pronounced in the data analysis phase –Approaches range from structured to unstructured –The approaches shape the relative weight given to description The approach to inquiry shapes the final written product as well as the embedded rhetorical structures used in the narrative The criteria for assessing the quality of a study differ among approaches –Some overlap exists –The criteria for assessing the worth of each study are available for each approach

16. Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e 11.16 Chapter 11 Turning the Story and Conclusion