Ecology Review

Jag 10/20/10 In Drosophila, the gene for red eyes, R is dominant for the gene for white eyes, r. This is sex-linked. Determine the possible genotype and phenotype ratios expected from a cross between a heterozygous female and a red-eyed male.

10/21/10 In Drosophila, the gene for red eyes, R is dominant for the gene for white eyes, r. This is sex-linked. Determine the possible genotype and phenotype ratios expected from a cross between a heterozygous female and a white-eyed male.

10/22/10 Describe 3 adaptations that an organism may have to help it from being consumed.

10/25/10 Two people are not affected by sickle cell anemia but carry on mutated gene for the disorder. What is the chance that an offspring will be affected with sickle cell anemia?

10/26/10 What type of adaptations would we expect to find in an aquatic mammal? What type of adaptations would we expect to find in an aquatic plant?

10/27/10 How would the disappearance of plankton from the riverbed floor affect crabs?

10/28/10 In humans the gene from normal blood clotting, H, is dominant to the gene for hemophilia, h. This is a sex-linked trait found on the X chromosome. A woman with normal blood clotting has four children. They are a normal son, a hemophiliac son, and two normal daughters. The father has normal blood clotting. What is the probable genotype foe each member of the family?

10/29/10 Test Day!

Levels of Organization Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organisms Organism → Species → Population → Community → Ecosystem

Levels of Organization An organism is a living thing. A species is a group of organism that share most characteristics and can breed with one another. A population is composed of all the organism of a species that live in the same place at the same time.

Levels of Organization A community is made up of all the populations that live in an area at the same time. An ecosystem is made up of one or more communities and their nonliving environment.

Factors in an ecosystem Biotic: Things living or were alive. Abiotic: Nonliving

Levels of Organization Species Population Community Ecosystem A Squirrel All the squirrels in the forest The squirrels, trees, grass, bushes, birds, insects, deer in the forest The squirrels, trees, grass, bushes, birds, insects, deer in the forest AND water, sunlight, rocks, soil

Ecosystem Aquatic: Marine ecosystem Terrestrial: Land ecosystem

Roles in an ecosystem Habitat: place where an organism lives Niche: how an organism acts within its ecosystem (Its job)

Types of Adaptation Adaptation is anything that helps an organism survive in its environment is an adaptation. It also refers to the ability of living things to adjust to different conditions within their environments.  Structural adaptation  Protective coloration  Mimicry  Behaviour adaptations  Migration  Hibernation

Structural adaptations A structural adaptation involves some part of an animal's body.  Teeth  Body coverings  Movement

Protective Coloration Coloration and protective resemblance allow an animal to blend into its environment. Another word for this might be camouflage. Their camouflage makes it hard for enemies to single out individuals.

Mimicry Mimicry allows one animal to look, sound, or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous.

Behaviour adaptations Behaviour adaptations include activities that help an animal survive. Behaviour adaptations can be learned or instinctive.  Social behaviour  Behaviour for protection

Migration Animals migrate for different reasons.  better climate  better food  safe place to live  safe place to raise young  go back to the place they were born. This is when behavioural adaptation that involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again.

Hibernation This is deep sleep in which animal’s body temp droops, body activities are slowed to conserve energy. E.g. Bats, woodchucks & mice.

What about Bears? Bears do not actually hibernate. Bears do go into long periods of sleep during the winter months, but do not drop their body temperature and wake up more often than animals that experience true hibernation.

Estivation This is a period of reduced activity in the summer months that allows animals that live in very hot climates to conserve energy and resources. Ex. Desert squirrels and mice

Adaptation leads to Evolution Evolution is the process by which species change over time. (Explained by natural selection.) Variation: Differences in traits among members of the same species. (Ones with more useful traits survive and reproduce) Extinction: Permanent dying out of species of organisms.

Energy flow in Ecosystems Producers (autotroph) : an organism that makes its own food usually through photosynthesis.  Plants, algae, and some bacteria Consumers (Heterotroph): an organism that cannot make its own food, but must consume another organism to obtain energy (ex. All animals, some plants)  Primary Consumer: Eats producers/plants  Secondary Consumer: Eats primary consumers  Tertiary Consumer: Eats secondary consumers

Energy flow in Ecosystems Decomposers: an organism that meets its energy needs by breaking down the remains of dead organisms to feed on them.  Ex. Fungi and bacteria  Some organisms can be both decomposers and consumers like earthworms and insects

Energy flow in Ecosystems Food Chains: show the flow of energy from producer to different levels of consumers to decomposers. Food Webs: an interconnected network of food chains within an ecosystem

Energy flow in Ecosystems Energy Pyramid: shows flow of energy  Wide base = amount of energy in producers  Next Levels = amount of energy obtained by each group of consumers.  Shape of pyramid shows a decrease in energy at each trophic level

Symbiosis: Close interaction between species Commensalism: 1 benefits while the other is unaffected. Parasitism:1 benefits, while the other is harmed Mutualism: Both Benefit

Biomes Biome : large groups of ecosystems that have similar climates and organisms. Types of biomes:  Desert  Tropical Savannah  Tropical Rain Forest  Temperate Grassland  Temperate Woodland  Temperate deciduous forest  Coniferous forest  Taiga  Tundra  Marine  Freshwater