Ch. 11 Sec. 2

Northern Debate  Great debate over how long the war would last. ○ Winfield Scott- 300,000 men and 3 years ○ William Seward- 90 days ○ Gen. George C. McClellan- 10 days

1 st Battle of Bull Run  July 1861 Union Commander- Irwin McDowell CSA Commander- Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson ○ 30 Miles outside of Washington DC. ○ Circus-like atmosphere– Congressmen bring picnics, ladies, etc. ○ Great confusion during battle. Neither side used to maneuvering such a large number of troops. -Black smoke obscured vision of battle field. -Variation in uniforms led to confusion.

1 st Battle of Bull Run  CSA initially retreats, but Jackson’s “Stonewall” stand reinvigorates troops and reinforcements. Unorganized retreat by Union, stagger into DC for three days– sleeping in alleyways, etc. CSA too disorganized in victory to follow up.  Embarrassment and reality check for Union.

Union Change of Command  McDowell relieved, George B. McClellan placed in charge of Union troops. Very popular with his men. Lee considered him his most able opponent. Strategy- whip troops into shape by preparation and drill. ○ “Tardy George”

Militia Act  July Congress passes the Militia Act Gives Lincoln the power to call state militias into federal service. ○ Will lead to conscription in $300 or a substitute to be exempt.

The Naval War  Spring All CSA ports blockaded by Union except Charleston, SC. Cut the South’s trade off. As the war dragged on, blockade became increasingly effective. ○ Blockade Runners South’s only successful answer to the blockades.

The Naval War

The War in the West  Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant – Rising star in the west. Colorful background… Feb. 1862– Began a campaign to control the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. ○ Takes Ft. Henry, Feb. 6, 1862 ○ Takes Ft. Donelson, Feb. 13, 1862 Waits for reinforcements in a poor position, is surprised by CSA at Shiloh April 6, 1862.

Battle of Shiloh  Grant was in a poor position, not thinking he was in danger. Rallied troops from certain defeat. Losses: ○ Union- 13,000 dead/55,000 wounded ○ CSA - 11,000/42,000  More were lost in this battle than in the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War combined. Union gains control of the Mississippi River ○ Significance? battle-of-shilohhttp:// battle-of-shiloh

The Peninsular Campaign (EAST)  June Lincoln finally order McClellan to do something. ○ Opts for an assault on Richmond, VA Amphibious Landing on the York Peninsula. Seven Days Battle ○ Initially very successful. But, Tardy George waits for reinforcements. CSA Lee turns the tide, forces McClellan to retreat. -Lincoln removes McClellan from command.

Second Battle of Bull Run  August Superb victory for Lee and Jackson. ○ Decides to invade North via Maryland and Pennsylvania. ○ McClellan reassumes command. Has in his possession Lee’s battle plans dropped by a courier. Catches up with Lee before he can enter PA. -Battle of Antietam.

Battle of Antietam  Bloodiest one-day battle in American history. Casualties- ○ Union dead/43000 wounded ○ CSA /36000 Lee is forced to retreat after a series of uncoordinated attacks. ○ Tardy George doesn’t follow up. Antietam

Significance of Antietam  1. Leads to Emancipation Proclamation – Sept Lincoln was waiting for a decisive victory. ○ Close enough  2. Convinced Britain and France to keep out of the war. Why?  3. Demonstrates Nationalism in the North, cruel reality in the South.

Emancipation Proclamation  States that slaves held in areas controlled by rebel forces will be freed. So, it didn’t free any slaves. ○ Statement of principle.  Function: 1. Designed to prevent British/CSA Alliance 2. Changes the moral rightness to the Northern cause. 3. Gain support of the border states.

Lincoln’s View on Slavery  Letter to journalist by Lincoln August 22, 1862— “My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the Union, and not to either save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save the Union by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” Emanc. Proc. Increased desertions of the Union Army and hurt Republicans in Congress. ○ What does this demonstrate?