Unification of Italy

Factors hindering unity Congress of Vienna-Metternich insisted on keeping Italy divided Austria opposed unity to keep control of Lombardy and Venetia Pope wanted disunity to retain the Papal states Nationalists argued over type of govt for united Italy

Promoting Unity Nationalism-glory of Roman empire Patriotic Societies Carbonari- secret society to establish united Italian republic Young Italy-1831 Mazzini-promoted nationalism and democratic ideas among people Sardinia-Piedmont ruled by House of Savoy who tried to unify Italy (1848)

Nationalist Leaders Mazzini- Young Italy 1848-seized papal states and declared Roman Republic -forced to flee when French troops crushed uprising (Soul of Unification) Garibaldi-military-fought against Fr and Austria (Red Shirts), (Sword of Unification) Cavour- Prime minister of Sardinia- promoted diplomatic moves (Brain of Unification)

UNIFICATION Victor Emmanuel II- King of Sardinia-Piedmont- granted liberal constitution supported Cavour’s policy- 1861 became king of Italy- unified it by annexation Lombardy 1859-defeated Austria Duchies-1860- People drove out Austrians and voted to join Sardinia Two Sicilies- 1860- Garibaldi and1000 redshirts

Papal States-1860-Cavour overran and annexed Papal states, but not Rome Venetia-1866 War -Italy and Prussia defeated Austria Rome 1870- Franco-Prussian War-France withdrew troops from Rome, Italians overran and annexed Rome

Unification of Germany Promoting Unification Common nationality Abolished Holy Roman Empire 300 states became 100 German states Congress of Vienna- reduced to 38 states organized into German Confederation Zollverein- 1819- Prussia formed tariff union included most German states-removed internal tariff barriers

Hindering Unity Differences in German people-Protestant north, Catholic south Austria-Nationalism in Ger might spread to multinational Austria-Carlsbad Decrees (strict supervision of education, teachers, universities, student organizations) and censorship of newspapers, pamphlets and books. Smaller German states feared to lose authority France feared united Ger. Would overpower them

Leaders of Unification Bismarck-Prime Minister of Prussia 1862- Junker (landowner) despised democracy- wanted to unify Germany through Blood and Iron William I-Hohenzollern King of Prussia (1861-88) 1871 became Emperor of Germany- supported Bismarck Moltke-Prussian general-impressive military victories to unify Germany

3 part Unification Plan Create Prussian military power under Moltke Eliminate Austrian influence Danish war-took Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark-Aus and Prussia joint owners Austro-Prussian war-Prussia and Italy against Austria- Austria defeated-lost Venetia to Italy, Schl-Hol to Prussia-Austria out of German confederation

Prussia created North Ger Prussia created North Ger.Confederation and urged northern states to join Franco-Prussian War-Bismarck provoked war to get Southern states to join confederation-France lost Alsace and Lorraine- German empire established in 1871 when 4 southern states allied with the confederation-William I as Kaiser (emperor)-military rule led way for Nazi dictatorship later

Germany under Bismarck Centralized power-national govt. took control of RR, telegraph, postal services, banking, national code of law Militarism-compulsory military service, patriotic societies Industrialism- rapid change from agric to ind., high tariffs to protect home industry, imperialism for raw materials

Persecution of subject nationalities-must adopt German culture Kulturkamph-fear of Catholic church-loyalty issue=began to weaken church-clergy under state control, civil marriage ceremonies, no church influence in education, Pope denounced Reichstag- new parliament Anti-socialist-no socialist meetings, publications, to weaken their message Bismarck gave workers health insurance against accidents, old age pension, better wages

Anti-Semitism- pamphlet, lectures claiming Jews had too much influence over industry and commerce. They were responsible for failure of kulturkamph, destroying social order. Foreign policy to isolate France. Created Central Powers alliance 1888 William II inherited throne-dismissed Bismarck, reversed friendship with Russia, and repression of socialism-caused much anger. German imperialism led to WWI.