10/24/2015 Peter I (the Great) and his reforms History 304

10/24/ /3/2009 But first…Pre-Petrine Muscovy Kievan Rus’, First East Slavic polity Founded by Varangian traders – Rus’ Not “Russian” or “Ukrainian” or “Belorussian”

10/24/2015 Kievan Rus’ – Key Moment Volodymer the Great, Converted to Christianity in 988. Linked to Byzantium. Christianization was a slow process, never completed.

10/24/201510/3/2009 The Mongol Empire,

Mongol Conquests ( ) Temujin (TEH-moo-jeen) Declared himself: Genghis Khan (b. 1162; r ) Really: Чингис Хаан, Chingis Khaan = “Ocean King” (Turkish: Cengiz Han) – United Mongol tribes, “of all those who live in felt tents.” – Used Tengri - the Sky- God - to justify his rule 10/24/2015

10/3/2009 Why did they begin to expand? No one really knows few written records Booty? Climatic change? – Population high, temperatures fell, pastures decreased Population growth? Steppelanders being steppelanders?

10/3/2009 Pre-Mongol Eurasia 10/24/2015

10/3/2009 Conquests by Chingis’s death (1227)

10/24/201510/3/2009 Why were the Mongol armies so successful?

10/24/201510/3/2009 Why were the Mongol armies so successful? Simple, but effective All males, 15-60, were eligible for conscription army was only source of honor Trained using massive hunts Great discipline Equipped for mobility and speed: lightly armored, no supply lines; couriers Careful planning, reconnaissance, intelligence Decimal system of organization: arbats (tens), zuuts (100s), myanghan (1000s), tumen (10,000s = roughly a division) Very good at adapting to various conditions. Became adept at siege warfare; recruited well; built effective catapults. Combined various types of armed force: mounted archers, lancers, engineers, rockets, and smoke.

10/24/201510/3/2009 Ghengis Khan died in 1227 C.E. Mongol leaders returned to Karakorum, capital of Mongolia, for a kuriltai. The empire at this point covered nearly 26 million sq. km. About four times the size of the Roman or Macedonian Empires.

10/24/201510/3/2009 Conquests by Chinggis’s death (1227)

10/24/201510/3/2009 Post-Chingis conquests 1237: Under the leadership of Batu Khan, the Mongols returned to the West and began their campaign to subjugate Kievan Rus’. 1240: Mongols sacked Kiev. 1241: Mongols destroyed German, Magyar and Polish forces, and seemed unstoppable, but Ogodei khan’s death forced kuriltai; replaced by Mongke. 1258: Mongols occupied Baghdad ending Abbasid caliphate. 1260: The battle of Ain Jalut: Mamluks defeated Mongols.

10/24/201510/3/2009 Mongol rule and Mongol Peace Khanates Use of local elites (Persian merchant was the great Khan’s ambassador to the Mongol Il-khan in Persia.) Tax farming Mongol rulers tended to focus on feasting, hunting, and internal disputes rather than day-to- day governing. Very flexible and tolerant: “But just as God has given different fingers to the hand, so He has given different religions to people.”

10/24/201510/3/2009 Mongol Conquests in the Slavic world Fall of Kiev, 1240 “Mongol Yoke”? Batu (r ) established “Golden Horde” rule – Mongol capital at Sarai – Taxes eventually farmed out to local princes. Rise of Novgorod and Moscow – Alexander Nevskii (ca ) argued for cooperation with Mongols rather than resistance.

10/24/201510/3/2009 Grand Duchy of Muscovy, 1263 and 1547

10/24/201510/3/2009 Map of Muscovy, 1533

10/24/201510/3/2009 Ivan III (the Great; r. 1462–1505) Grand Prince of Moscow "Grand Prince of all Russia" (Великий князь всея Руси) “Gatherer of the Russian lands“ Tripled the territory of his state Renovated Moscow’s kremlin Laid the foundations of the emerging state. Supposedly, threw off the “Tatar Yoke.” Quran in the Kremlin! “Albus Rex” to the West

10/24/201510/3/2009 Ivan IV (the Formidable), b. 1530; r “Terrible” is a poor translation of “Groznyi.” Very misunderstood Became “Grand Prince” at age three; mother Elena then ruled till Horrible childhood Crowned “tsar” 1547 Conquered Kazan (1552), Astrakhan (1556) and Siberia Endured great pain

10/24/201510/3/2009 Time of Troubles, – Ivan created the Oprichnina not “the first secret police” 1581: killed his son, Ivan (b. 1554). 1584: Ivan IV died. Feodor I, not raised for it, then “ruled” Boris Godunov, his brother-in-law 1598: Feodor died without male heir. Godunov elected to replace him, but died suddenly in 1605.

10/24/201510/3/2009 Time of Troubles, Godunov’s son Feodor took the throne, but was soon murdered, along with his mother. Chaos ensued. Ended with the victory of Filaret, Patriarch of the Romanov family. Mikhail Romanov elected tsar in Stressed connection to Ivan IV through Anastasia and often sought nobles’ advice.

10/24/201510/3/2009 The Romanovs Mikhail Romanov ruled , a long life ( ). But Filaret really ruled until his death: 1633.

10/24/2015 Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, b. 1629, r Bohdan Khmelnytskyi uprising Pereyaslav Treaty (1654): Ukraine as breadbasket and window to West Polish war Treaty of Andrusovo (1667): Smolensk and Left- Bank Ukraine Then wars with Sweden and Poland – few gains

10/24/2015 Wives and Children and Alexei Mikhailovich 1649: Alexei married Maria Miloslavskaya. Maria gave birth to thirteen children over twenty-one years : five sons and eight daughters She died in 1669, a few weeks after giving birth to the 13 th child.

Nataliya Naryshkina, 1651–1694 January 1671: Alexei married Nataliya Naryshkina. 1672: She bore him Peter, eventually Peter I, “the Great.” Two daughters: Nataliya Fyodora 10/24/2015

Peter Alekseevich (I, the Great) Born 30 May 1762 (actually: 7180) Two surviving older, half-brothers (Miloslavskaya): Feodor (b. 1661) and Ivan (b. 1666). Feodor III reigned 1676 to 1682 (with Artamom Matveev). Feodor died without leaving an heir. Ivan was sickly and “weak-minded.”

10/24/2015 Artamom Matveev, ( ) Kingmaker Alexei’s chief advisor Naryshkin family leader Tried to get Peter made sole ruler in 1682 Killed in streltsy revolt (1682)

10/24/2015 Sophia Alekseyevna (Miloslavskaya), r Very intelligent Ruthless Used the Streltsy to gain power. Allied with Prince Vasily Golitsyn. Destined to fail.