Transcultural Nursing Theory: Sunrise Model Madeleine Leininger Transcultural Nursing Theory: Sunrise Model

What is Transcultural Nursing? "a discipline of study and practice focused on comparative culture care differences and similarities among and between cultures in order to assist human beings to attain and maintain meaningful and therapeutic health care practices that are culturally based" (Leininger, 2008, p.9).

Motivation for theory development In the 1950's working as a clinical nurse specialist with disturbed children in the Midwest United States, Leininger noticed recurrent behavioral differences among the children and hypothesized the differences had a cultural base.   This experience led Leininger to becoming the first nurse to earn a doctorate in anthropology and precipitated the development of Transcultural nursing. (http://nursingtheories.info/biography-of-madeleine-leininger/)

Cont... Through interactions with patients and conversations with peers  Leininger identified "two major missing dimensions in nursing, namely knowledge of diverse cultures and the meaning and practices of care in diverse cultures" (Leininger, 2008, para 4).

Philosophical Roots of Leininger's Theory Leininger states that the philosophical roots of her theory are:   extensive and diverse nursing experiences   anthropological insights   life experiences and values   reflection upon spiritual insights and beliefs The theorist created a theory to develop "new practices for nursing to meet diverse cultural needs and to provide therapeutic care with comprehensive and holistic care practices in a caring discipline" Leininger, 2008, p.10)     

Transcultural Nursing Theory Concepts Transcultural nursing theory incorporates research from numerous scientific disciplines:        1.  Nursing     2.  Medicine     3.  Education     4.  Psychology     5.  Public Health     6.  Epidemiology (Murphy, S. C., 2006)    

INTERRELATIONSHIP Culturally Competent Nursing Care -promote human rights and      quality health care through      cultural awareness -centered on universal aspect     of human caring as      defined within each culture -assess cultural needs  and     integrate nursing care that      is congruent with cultural      values        Transcultural Nursing Research -address cultural conflicts      within healthcare beliefs -nursing care that is beneficial     and meaningful to all cultures -increase knowledge base to      improve cultural competence -impact global healthcare      policy and practices (Transcultural Nursing Society, 2012)

Culturally Congruent Nursing Care Culturally congruent nursing care occurs when nurses integrate information from individuals, family, community, or institution based on cultural:  beliefs  values  norms  patterns/lifeways  practices to provide appropriate and meaningful nursing care. (Leininger, M. M., 1997)

Metaparadigm Concepts CARING (not Nursing) essence of nursing universal concept within all cultures    assisting, supporting, or enabling behaviors to improve a person's condition essential for survival, development, ability to deal with life's events greater level of wellness is achieved when caring is in line with patient's cultural values and beliefs (Andrews, M. M., Boyles, J. S., 2002)

Metaparadigm Concepts PERSON  Some cultures  do not recognize the concept of "person".  Leininger's definition includes: individuals families groups communities   (Andrews, M. M., Boyles, J. S., 2002)

Metaparadigm Concepts ENVIRONMENT  The environmental context includes any events physical ecological sociopolitical cultural

Diversity and Universality Theory:  The Origins of Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Theory "During the 1950's, while working in a child guidance home, Leininger   experienced what she describes as a culture shock when she realized that  recurrent behavioral patterns in children appeared to have a cultural basis.   Leininger identified a lack of cultural and care knowledge as the missing link to  nursing's understanding of the many variations required in patient care to  support compliance, healing, and wellness.  These insights were the  beginnings of a new construct and phenomenon related to nursing care called   transcultural nursing".                                                                                     (Jones & Bartlett, 2012)

Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory Clarification of Origin Originally developed in 1950s Leininger's 1st book, Cultural Care Diversity and Universality - Published 1991 Transcultural Nursing (2nd ed.) - Published 1995 Transcultural Nursing (3rd ed.) - Published 2002       Though the transcultural nursing theory model is applicable to nursing, its principals can be thought to be important in most professional circumstances. To achieve the highest degree of patient compliance, healing, and wellness, the theory accounts for the cultural aspects of the patient.                      (http://nursing-theory.org)                                                                          

Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory Content Human being- Nurses need humanistic and scientific transcultural knowledge in order to adequately care for patients in the 21st century. Environment-  Care values are influenced by many things including worldview, spirituality, and environment. Health- Care specific to one's culture promotes health, as valued and defined by each culture. Nursing- Since 1989 nurses have been able to receive global certification in transcultural nursing, gaining knowledge and awareness of the cultural needs of patients, making them able to provide culturally congruent, responsible and compassionate care.                         (Leinninger, M. M., 1997)

Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory View The transcultural nursing model can be used in  all aspects of nursing care, but proper use of the    model can only be achieved        if the patient's values are        known and meaningfully       used in an appropriate way       by the nurse with the patient.                                                                                                                             (http://nursing-theory.org)

Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory                     Practice situations Transcultural Nursing Theory should be       practiced in all professional situations.   Examples: Dietary restriction (kosher) for people of Jewish faith.  Providing vegetarian meal options for Catholics           on Fridays. Direct eye contact for Asian/Vietnamese means a challenge and should be avoided. It is customary to address elder Americans as well as people of Arabic and Muslim faith formally. 

Weblinks http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Madeline-Leininger.php

References Leininger, M. (1997, Winter). Transcultural nursing research to tranform nursing education           and practice: 40 years. Image:  Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 29(4), 341+.Retrieved         from http://0-go.galegroup.com.mel.org/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA20125511&v=2.1&u=         lom_accessmich&it=r&p=AONE&SW=w