Chapter 1-2. How to Understand What is going on (Mweong-Mi) ? Mweong-Mi? Prof. Jin-Wan Seo, Ph.D. Department of Public Administration University of Incheon, KOREA

1.Legal-Institutional Theory 2.Elite Theory 3.Group Theory 4.System Theory 5.Political Culture Theory 6.Class Theory 7.Political Economy Theory Selected Theories

1. Legal-Institutional Theory Traditional Way to Understand Governing … - Focus on governmental organization, operation, and related rules/laws - Formal institutional level _____________________ - In plural society, formal governmental institution is still important in terms of its function. - Structured-pattern of individual or organizational behavior

2. Elite Theory Focus on Behavior of _____________ –Few power elite to determine major political issues within society. –Governing circle Gaetano Mosca (1939). The Ruling Class. –Every political system has two strata (1) ______________ (2) non-political class –Non-political class controlled by political class

Elite Model

3. Group Theory Group ___________ as Basic Government Process - Group interaction and structure of competition - Individual has political capacity, but it can be realized through only the group. - Group as a whole > Individual Arthur Bentley (1967). The Process of Government - Group as Individual collectiveness for common political goal - Group Interaction as the process of government

4. System Theory Scientific Approach to Governing - Development of behaviorlalism - Influence of sociology, Cultural Anthropoligy, Biology, Ecology, etc. D. Easton’s System Theory - Dynamic process - political ___________ and political __________ - Political system - authoritative allocation of values for a society - Allocation of values (goods, symbolic compensation, etc) - Decision and action of political system for value allocation - legitimate and binding

Easton’s System Theory

4. 체제이론 (System Theory) G. Almond’s System Theory -Focus on Crucial Function of Political System -Input Process Political ______________ and recruitment Interest articulation Interest __________ Political communication –Output Process Rule making Rule __________ Rule adjudication

Almond’s System Theory

5. Political Culture Theory Political Culture as Independent Variable -Focus on political orientation and behavior -Political ________  Political actions  Structure and Operation of Political System G. Almond & S. Verba (1963), Civic Culture -Individual political orientation as a whole – political systems –Individual Psychological Orientation Cognitive orientation Affective orientation Evaluative orientation –3 Types of Political Culture According to Psychological Orientation Parochial Political Culture Subjective Political Culture Participant Political Culture

6. Class Theory Social Strata based on _________ - Inevitable Social Reality - Class and Group Group: Individual collectivity for common interest Class: Individual collectivity to quite equally have the basic values such as power, goods, authority, and so forth - Equal ownership of basic values > Seeking common interests Class Structure –Unequal relationship between classes –Unequal distribution of basic values  Conflicts & Struggle  Socio- political Change

7. Political Economy Theory Window of Political Economy - Starting from the limitation of politics to solve the political issues - __________ + ___________ for providing rational alternatives - Exchanges of political resources as Government; Political market as Government Process - Government or Regime  maximize political resources  Making Policy and Implementation 5 Policy Areas 1)Responding to socio-economic change 2)Inducing socio-economic change 3)Protecting government authority 4)Maintaining authority 5)Realizing political/administrative sub-structure

Ilchman & Uphoff’s Political Economy