1. Takeaways, April 21 Distribute second set of essay questions Words of wisdom: “Reality is very complex.” (Inglehart and Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy, p. 64)

2. Today’s lecture Wrapup on last week’s discussion of democratization How many theories of democratization? Democracy and culture – coming at democracy and democratization from a different angle Perspectives on World Values Survey & the Inglehart thesis Democracy and religion – to be taken up in section

3. Reprise – Trend in Polity IV scores

4. Human population dynamics – percent of global total

5. Polity: France

6. Polity: Spain

7. Polity: Argentina

8. Polity: South Africa

9. Polity: India

10. Polity: Pakistan

11. Polity: Bangladesh

12. How many theories of democratization? Elite behavior and bargaining Institutional crafting and design Underlying social and economic change – i.e., modernization Other “structural” factors – e.g., –Social cleavages –Inequality –Ethnic fractionalization

13. Yeltsin on the tank, 1991

14. How many theories of democratization? Elite behavior and bargaining Institutional crafting and design Underlying social and economic change – i.e., modernization Other “structural” factors – e.g., –Social cleavages –Inequality –Ethnic fractionalization

15. ... theories of democratization –Education levels –Religious tradition International factors – next week “Culture” – Inglehart

16. Almond & Verba, Civil Culture (1963) Political culture = “the political system as internalized in the cognitions, feelings [affects], and evaluations of its population” Ideal types: parochial, subject, participant Civic culture = a mixed culture, “an allegiant participant culture” Challenge: major shifts in attitudes + persistence in democracy – alienation, cynicism, disengagement

17. Inglehart’s original question “What should the country’s goals be for the next ten or fifteen years?” Choose two of: –A. Maintain order in the nation –B. Give the people more say in government decisions –C. Fight rising prices –D. Protect freedom of speech

18. Some questions about Inglehart Credibility of values/cultural scales Portability of survey research of this type Mapping of “cultural zones” Theory of origin of values – is it too simple, determinist? Regression analysis of linkages of value systems to political regimes – credible? – does concept of “effective democracy” work?