1. COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MPA 503 WHAT IS CPA (Lecture 03)

2. SUMMARY/RECAP THE POSDCORB MODEL APPROCHES TO THE STUDY OF CPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION INCLUDING THE LEGAL,BUREAUCRATIC,SYSTEMS, HISTORICAL STRUCTURAL AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR APPROACHES DISCUSSION OF ECOLOGICAL, AND COMPARATIVE APPROACHES

3. QUOTATION " The comparative aspects of public administration have largely been ignored; and as long as the study of public administration is not comparative, claims for a science of public administration sound rather hollow.”

4. SCIENCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION “ Conceivably there might be a science of American public administration and a science of British public administration and a science of Pakistani public administration, but can there be a 'science of public administration' in the sense of a body of generalized principles independent of their peculiar national setting?"

5. WHAT TO COMPARE Compare different areas or systems Compare systems at different times Compare different systems at the same time Compare different systems at same status (eg. Governments over war )

6. WHAT TO COMPARE Environment of the administrative system. The whole administrative system. The formal structure of the administrative system with a focus on the pattern of hierarchy, division of work, specialisation, authority- responsibility network decentralisation, delegation, control mechanisms, procedures, etc.

7. WHAT TO COMPARE INFORMALORGANISATIONALPATTERNS The nature of human groups, The relationships among individuals motivation system and the status of morale Patterns of informal communication the nature of leadership..

8. WHAT TO COMPARE The interaction between the personality of individuals and the organizational system. The policy and decision making systems of the organization that link its various parts. The communications system, which also involves the feedback mechanism. The overall performance of an administrative system.

9. LEVELS OF COMPARISON Intra-national Analysis When an analysis in a comparative perspective is taken up among various administrative systems functioning within a country, it would be an intra-national analysis.' Comparison of district administration in Sindh and Punjab would be an example of such an analysis

10. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS Cross-national Analysis When two or more administrative systems (or their parts) are compared in the settings of different nations, this would be cross-national analysis. For example, comparing the recruitment systems of higher civil service of China, Thailand and Pakistan would incorporate a cross-national analysis. '

11. CROSS- CULTURAL ANALYSIS The word "cultural" in the category "cross-cultural“ has a broad connotation and involves an aggregation of distinctive political, economic and socio-cultural traits of a particular system and its environment Comparing the administrative system of the China (a hybrid system) with the U.S. (a capitalist system) or that between a developing country and a developed country could also be termed as cross- cultural analysis

12. WHAT TO COMPARE INSTITUTIONS Branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) Bureaucracies Political Parties Military Civil Society

13. WHAT TO COMPARE PROCESSES Policy making Agenda setting Decision Making

14. WHAT TO COMPARE BEHAVIORS Self-interested behavior (rent- seeking, utility maximization) Socially motivated behavior

15. WHAT TO COMPARE CULTURE Is it Traditional OR Modern

16. WHAT TO COMPARE ECONOMY Market driven Command/planned Mixed

17. POLITICS CULTURE ECONOMY INSTITUTIONS PROCESSES BEHAVIORS Market Command /planned Democratic Authoritarian Traditional Modern THE ECOLOGICAL MODEL

18. Enduring features Patterns of organization, certain common programs of governments, capacities and performance: 1) Public Administration- Rule Application 2) Bureaucracy- Hierarchical organizations designed to utilize the enforcement of universal and impersonal rules to maintain authority 3) Public Policy / Rule making as well as rule application

19. COMPARISONS Modern comparisons are possible across the deepest divisions of system types: between authoritarian and pluralist systems, industrialized and developing systems and secular and religious regimes.

20. GOAL CPA attempts to find universal patterns and regularities through comparison, irrespective of level of development and irrespective of place and time

21. GOAL Search for General Enduring Features of Governance

22. SOME TOPICS Political Culture and Administration Recruitment Bureaucratic Structures The Interface of Political Institutions and the Public Bureaucracy Public Management.