1. POLI 213 INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Lecturer: Dr. Emmanuel Debrah,
Contact Information:

2. Theories of Administration (part 2)
Session 6

3. Session overview
We are still on the approaches that have enhanced our understanding of administrative behaviour. Public administration functions as a system. It has been observed that the production and delivery of public goods are largely determined by public officials’ decisions and prescriptions that, in turn, are shaped by their personal likes and dislikes.

4. Session outline The topics to be examined in this session include:
Topic one: System’s Approach
Topic two: Public-Choice Theory

5. Systems Theory
Topic one

6. Definition of System
Robert Dahl defined it as “collection of elements that interact in some way with one another”
Nicolas Henry also defined it as the working together of components and their relationships.
Others defined it as a set of assemblage of interconnected, interdependent things that form a complex whole.

7. Elements of the system theory
The system theory focuses specific attention on the organization as a unit (system) as well as its components.
In addition, the systems theory regards administrative organizations as comprising three elements, inputs, outputs and feedback.
Inputs- the human and material resources, support for the organization or government agency (in terms of its policies and programmes.

8. Elements of the system theory
According to Easton, organizations transform the input into products and services called outputs by the aid of internal social and technological processes.
He also mentioned the environment of the organization from which it obtains its performance information called feedback.
Feedback is important because it helps keep the organization on course with regards to goals, and also evaluate its performance.

9. Easton Systems Model

10. Merits and criticisms of the system theory
it emphasizes the way in which organized systems respond in an adaptive way to cope with changes in their external environments.
It emphasizes interaction with "outside" actors and organizations and concentrate
criticisms
It does not say much about the procedures and processes by which decisions are made.

11. SAMPLE QUESTIONS
(i) Attempt a sketch showing the process by which a public policy is made in Ghana.
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(ii). Indicate whether the process you have described reflect David Easton’s systems model?
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12. references
Dye, T. (2008). Understanding Public Policy 12th edn. Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
Easton, D. (1965). A Framework for Political Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, NJ.

13. Public Choice Theory
Topic two

14. Meaning of Public Choice
it deploys some behavioural assumptions of economics to explain political phenomenon.
It focuses on how public goods and services can best be allocated to society.
it assumes that all actors (voters, taxpayers, interest groups, civil servants, political parties and governments) seek to maximize their personal benefits in politics as in the marketplace.

15. Features of Public Choice
It regards the individual as capable of making rational decisions about socio-economic & political needs.
that actions of governments should be consistent with the values and interests of citizens.
public bureaucracy is evil because it seeks its own selfish interest at the expense of public good.
democratic decentralization system of administration is the most viable means of achieving citizens’ interest.

16. Importance of Public Choice theory
It focuses on the individual citizen and makes his interest supreme within the organization.
This system allows clients’ interests to be considered in the production and distribution of goods and services.
The emphasis on decentralization is also critical because it allows authority and power to shift from managers to subordinates.
It highlights the importance of competition as a means of encouraging individuals’ choices.

17. Importance of the Public Choice
It is viewed as an appropriate theory of political organizations because it advocates political approach to public administration by locating the discipline within the domain of politics.
It introduced the concept of democratic administration into public administration studies.
It also draws attention to the need for grassroots empowerment and participation in public administration.

18. Criticisms against Public Choice theory
It conceives public administration in terms of economic perspective. This orientation tends to make economic power superior over political or electoral power.
the theory may be applicable in the resource-affluent environment, than in developing societies where increasingly scarce resource is a reality.
it failed to explain human actions that are motivated by non-rational or non-economic considerations.

19. Sample Questions
To what extent does the public choice theory enhance our understanding of the behaviour of public officials in Ghana.
Discuss the salient features of the public choice theory.

20. References
Dye, T. (2008). Understanding Public Policy 12th edn. Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
Ostrom, V. (1973). The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration.