Pooran M Gaur and CLL Gowda New Developments in Pulses Production Technologies and Strategies for Enhancing Pulses Production in India Pooran M Gaur and CLL Gowda International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh

New Developments in Pulses Production Technologies through ISOPOM/NFSM projects to ICRISAT and partners

Increasing incidence of heat stress in chickpea ISOPOM Project Improving heat tolerance in chickpea (2009/10 to 2012/13) Increasing incidence of heat stress in chickpea Increasing area under late sown conditions Fluctuations and increase in temperatures due to climate change Large shift in chickpea area from northern India to Southern India

Large genetic variation for heat tolerance in chickpea Sensitive Tolerant

Release of heat tolerant variety The heat tolerant line ICCV 92944 released as “JG 14” in Central India for late sown conditions JG 14 is being evaluated in late sown conditions in farmers’ fields

ISOPOM Project Development of extra-large seeded kabuli chickpea varieties (2005/06 to 2008/09) Before 2000 Between 2000 to 2005 Target of the project

Extra-large seeded (>50g/100-seed) kabuli chickpea varieties released and breeding materials developed Varieties released KRIPA (Phule G 0517) from Rahuri (2009) – Central Zone IPCK 2 from Kanpur (2010) – North-West Plain Zone (B) Breeding lines developed Several lines under AICRP and station trials

NFSM Project Enhancing chickpea production in rainfed rice-fallow lands (RRFL) of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (2008-2012) State Kharif rice area (m ha) Rabi fallow (m ha) MP + Chhattisgarh 5.60 4.38 Bihar + Jharkhand 5.97 2.20 West Bengal 4.62 1.72 Orissa 3.88 1.22 Maharashtra 1.76 0.63 Assam 2.23 0.54 UP 6.26 0.35 AP 2.66 0.31 Others 7.20 0.30 Total 40.18 11.65 Source: Subbarao et al. (2001)

Expanding chickpea cultivation in rice-fallows Over 3800 demonstrations conducted in 8 villages during 2008-09 to 2009-10

Enhancing Yield and Stability of Pigeonpea through Heterosis Breeding ISOPOM Project: Enhancing Yield and Stability of Pigeonpea through Heterosis Breeding (2005-06 to 2009-10) NFSM Project: Taking Pigeonpea Hybrids to the Doorsteps of Farmers (2007-08 to 2011-12)

Hybrid Pigeonpea CMS based pigeonpea becomes a reality in the world 1550 on-farm trials demonstrated 25- 60% yield increase over check variety Hybrid pigeonpea seed production system transferred to Public and Private seed sectors ICPH 2671 released by MP in Dec 2010 ICPH 2740 and other hybrids under on-farm testing in four states

Crops and states involved Crop States Chickpea ISOPOM Project Development and Popularization of ‘Model’ Seed System(s) for Major Legumes to Ensure Seed-Sufficiency at the Village Level (2006/07 to 2009/10) Crops and states involved Crop States Chickpea Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Pigeonpea Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh Groundnut Andhra Pradesh, Orissa

Salient achievement of Seed System project Farmer-preferred varieties of chickpea, groundnut and pigeonpea identified for each location through FPVS trials ‘Model’ seed production system(s) identified for each location Availability of improved seed enhanced at the local level

Strategies for enhancing pulses production in India

Expanding area of pulses Promotion of pulses cultivation in rice-fallows Inclusion of short duration varieties of pulses as catch crop Pigeonpea in hills

Enhancing productivity of pulses Technologies available for enhancing productivity Improved varieties Hybrids in pigeonpea Agronomic practices for improved crop establishment and soil and water management Integrated nutrient management Integrated pest/disease/weed management Come-up/life saving irrigation in rabi pulses

What more is needed? Availability of quality seed - Linking formal & non-formal seed sector - Involve Agro-entrepreneurs in seed supply chain - Village Seed Banks/Farmer cooperatives Supply micronutrients - Link farmer groups with industry/ suppliers - Soil testing facilities and Soil Health Cards Procurement of grain - Remunerative prices to farmers - Timely procurement (at harvest) Helicoverpa resistance and herbicide tolerance (Transgenics) Suitability for mechanical cultivation

Enhancing profitability of pulses production Reducing cost of cultivation Promotion of market preferred cultivars Value addition and linking farmers to market

Lessons to be learned from success stories Chickpea revolution in Andhra Pradesh During the past 10 years 4-fold increase in area 2.4-fold increase in yield 9-fold increase in production Over 90% area under improved cultivars Trends in chickpea area and production in AP

Key factors for chickpea revolution in AP Availability of suitable varieties (short-duration, high yielding, fusarium wilt resistant) High adoption of improved cultivars and production technologies Transformation of subsistence to market-oriented farming Grain storage facilities available to farmers at local level and at affordable cost

Suggestions for Pulse Sufficiency Establish National Pulses Board Appoint a CEO (Senior IAS Officer) Authority & accountability for: - Coordinating across ministries/departments - Coordinating with state government machinery - Supply of necessary inputs - Monitor grain procurement and remunerative prices to farmers (not to traders)

Thank you!