Bellchallenge calorie – the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 0 C Calorie – used on food labels in kilo calorie or 1,000 calories. Read the information on page 221. Explain the difference between a calorie and a Calorie. IAN 41

Cellular Respiration Reverse of photosynthesis 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy

Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) glucose is broken down into pyruvate, ATP is produced, and electrons are carried into the electron transport chain via NADH Krebs cycle (in mitochondrion) pyruvate enters, ATP is produced and more electrons are carried into the electron transport chain via NADH and FADH Electron transport chain all e- from other steps used to generate ATP. cellular respiration- process of producing energy through the conversion of glucose for consumers 3 steps Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm Breaks one molecule of glucose in half to form two molecules of pyruvic acid (3 carbon compound) Pay 2 ATP Forms 4 ATP total Forms 2 NADH (e- carrier)

Glycolysis Figure 9-3 Glucose To the electron transport chain 2 Pyruvic acid What does glycolysis break down? A molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. NAD+ is an electron carrier in this process. What is an electron carrier? a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule. What are the products of glycolysis? 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH 1 st stage in cellular respiration Where does it occur? Cytoplasm Where in 9-3 does it show the cell using energy to start glysolysis? During the breakdown of glucose

Next step based on presence of oxygen Aerobic- oxygen present Anaerobic- no oxygen present Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) Anaerobic (no oxygen)- 2 types of fermentation  lactic acid or alcholoic Alcohol and yogurt are made by fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol + CO 2 + NAD+ Pyruvic acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+

Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Glucose

Krebs Cycle Aerobic (in oxygen) Occurs in matrix (mitochondria) Aka citric acid cycle 2 pyruvic acids (pyruvates) broken down into CO 2 produce –1 ATP –4 NADH –1 FADH 2

9-6 The Krebs Cycle Mitochondrion Citric Acid Production Where does this cycle take place? Mitochondiral matrix How many ATP molecules are generated for every one turn of the Krebs cycle? One Where is most of the chemical energy in pyruvic acid transferred to as a result of the cycle? Transferred to the electron carriers, NAD+ and FAD, producing ____ NADHs and ____ FADH 2 2 C 1O 3H Why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle? b/c citric acid is the 1 st cmpd. formed

Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Glucose

e - transport Chain 3 rd stage Occurs in inner membrane (mitochondria) Uses e- to convert ADP to ATP ATP synthase- enzyme used to form ATP

9-7 Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement ATP Production Channel Intermembrane Space Inner Membrane Matrix What does the third stage of respiration take place? Inner mitochondrial membrance Where is the intermembrane space? b/w the outer membrane and the inner membrane

-2 to start glycolysis +6 end of glycolysis +6 from 2NADH (Krebs) +2 from ATP (ETC) +18 from 6NADH (ETC) +4 from 2FADH2 (ETC) 34 ATP net (36 total made) Net ATP (total)

Fermentation Lab (use How to Write a Lab Report HO) I.Purpose: I.Purpose: To observe the products of a different type of anaerobic respiration II.Research: II.Research: Answers to bellringer (in paragraph form) III.Hypothesis: III.Hypothesis: Answer the following- Do you believe that different products will be produced in fermentation if you use an artificial sugar instead of real sugar? Why? IV.Materials: IV.Materials: on paper V.Procedure: V.Procedure: on paper VI.Data :  identify independent, dependant, and control variables  Create data table  Write brief summary of data table VII.Conclusion:  State if hypothesis was correct or incorrect (why?)  Answer Think it over questions

Cellular Respiration Questions 1.What are the three main stages of cellular respiration? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 2.Where does the glucose used in respiration come from? by breaking down carbohydrates such as starch 3.How do you know that this series of reactions occurs in the presence of oxygen? b/c fermentation would occur if O was not present 4.What does glycolysis supply to the Krebs cycle and to the electron transport chain? Pyruvic acid to KC; high energy electrons via NADH to ETC 5.What stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria? Krebs Cycle and ETC

6. What is not present in an anaerobic reaction that is present in an aerobic reaction? Oxygen 7. What is produced in your muscles during rapid exercise when your body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues? Lactic acid 8. How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation similar? How are they different? Both provide energy to cells in the absence of O. Alcoholic- produces alcohol, CO 2 and NAD + Lactic – produces lactic acid and NAD +

9. When oxygen is present, what does the cell do with all the high-energy electrons in the electron carriers made in the Krebs cycle? –The high energy electrons can be used to generate huge amounts of ATP. 10. Figure 9-10 How is the equation for photosynthesis different from the equation from cellular respiration? –Reactants in photosynthesis are the products in the equation for cellular respiration, and the products in the equation for photosynthesis are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration.

Check Your Understanding 11. What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration? to use energy from H+ ions to convert ADP into ATP 12. How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis? 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecules

Check Your Understanding 13. When runners begin a race, how do their bodies obtain energy? ATP from muscles 14. Why do runners breathe heavily after a race? b/c they need extra O to get rid of lactic acid that has built up in their muscles 15. How long does stored glycogen usually last before your body begins to break down other stored molecules? 15 or 20 minutes

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 16. Draw figure 9-10 page 232 Check for Understanding 17. Exactly how is the equation for photosynthesis different from the equation for cellular respiration? Reactants in photosynthesis are the products in the equation for cellular respiration the products for photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration. Can be considered to be opposite processes

Glycolysis Krebs Cycle 18. What happens during the Krebs cycle? –Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions. 19. What does the electron transport chain use to convert ADP into ATP? –The high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle 20. Complete the flowchart: Glucose (C 6 H ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Krebs Cycle Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O) Electron Transport Chain Glucose (C 6 H ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O) Electron Transport Chain

21. What is the pathway that begins the process of releasing energy from glucose and other food compounds? –Glycolysis 22. When one molecule of glucose is broken in half during glycolysis, what is produced? –Two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon compound 23. What are the two main types of fermentation? –Alcoholic and latic acid