The Catholic Church Splits  Three factors:  Rome’s Split  Language Issues  Disagreement about religious ideas  The two pieces:  West is Catholic Church  East is “Eastern Orthodox”

Martin Luther

Who was Martin Luther?  Born in Germany in  After surviving a violent storm, he vowed to become a monk.  Lived in the city of Wittenberg.  Died in 1546.

Definitions Protest To express strong objection Reform To improve by correcting errors

Problems in the Church  Corruption  Political Conflicts

Corruption  The Church raised money through practices like simony and selling indulgences.

Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven!  Do not go to Hell!  Do not go to Purgatory!  Get through Purgatory faster!

Political Conflict KINGS AND QUEENSPOPES

Papal Schism  In 1301, the king tried to tax the French clergy.  The pope threatened to excommunicate the king and so was arrested. He was later released.  The next pope, Clement V, moved the headquarters of the Church from Rome to Avignon in southern France.  Many people felt that the French kings controlled the Church. Rome Avignon

Three Popes!  The next six popes lived in Avignon. Pope Gregory then moved the papacy back to Rome in  When Gregory died, the French cardinals did not like the new pope in Rome, so they elected a different pope in Avignon.  Later, a Church council elected a third pope.

Calls for Reform  John Wycliffe ( )  Questioned the authority of the pope  Jan Hus ( )  Criticized the vast wealth of the Church  Desiderius Erasmus ( )  Attacked corruption in the Church

Luther Looks for Reforms  Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences.  He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation.  He nailed his Ninety- Five Theses, or arguments, to the door of Wittenberg cathedral for all to see.

Protestant Teaching: Justification by Faith Alone  The Bible is the only source of truth.  People can read and understand the Bible themselves.  Salvation comes only through faith in Christ. Luther’s Bible

Excommunication!  Pope Leo X demanded that Luther recant 41 of his Ninety-Five Theses.  Luther was brought before the Diet of Worms.  In January 1521, Luther was excommunicated from the Church.

The Printing Press  Luther’s ideas spread quickly with the help of the printing press.  Luther’s supporters distributed copies of his speeches and essays far and wide.  Millions of people sided with Luther against the Roman Catholic Church.

A New Church  His supporters began to organize a new Christian denomination.  Several German princes supported Luther.  Lutherans and Catholics fought each other.  Fighting over religious principles and political control continues until the mid-17 th century

Lutheranism  Luther’s followers disagreed with many of the teachings of the Catholic Church.  They rejected the authority of Church councils and the pope.  Reading the Bible was the only way to learn how to lead a good life. Luther translated the Bible into German

The Reformation spread to other countries.  France and Switzerland: John Calvin preached the idea of “predestination” and that some people had been chosen by God for salvation.  England: King Henry VIII …

Henry VIII  King of England  Married to Catherine of Aragon  Wants a son but doesn’t get one  Asks Pope for a divorce  Pope says “No!”

Henry’s Response  Henry breaks England away from Catholic Church  Creates Church of England  Essentially Catholic Church except  Henry is head of Church  Divorces for King are okay!

So, what happened with Henry VIII  Divorces Catherine of Aragon  Daughter Mary  Marries Ann Boleyn  Elizabeth  Beheaded  Jane Seymour  Son, Edward VI (a sickly boy)  She dies shortly afterward  Anne of Cleves  Married 6 months  Divorced  Catherine Howard  Beheaded  Catherine Parr  Outlives Henry

Protest Religions  These and other new religions called “Protestant” and this period in history is the “Reformation”  Lutheran  Baptist  Anabaptist  Methodist  Church of England/Episcopal Protestant  Europe is still divided with a Protestant north and a Catholic South “protesting” Martin Luther and Henry VIII were “protesting” against the Catholic Church and reforming their beliefs.

Meanwhile, back in Spain….  Charles the V  Charles the V inherits the throne of the Low Countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg)  …10 years later, he inherits the throne of Spain when his grandmother (Isabella) dies. Austria and Hungary  …only 3 years later, his grandfather dies and he inherits the crown of the Holy Roman Empire! (Austria and Hungary)

Spain and the Holy Roman Empire!  Charles V – King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor

Abdicates in 1555…  his son, Philip gets Spain, Naples and all of the colonies.  His brother Ferdinand succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor. Thanks dad! Philip the II

Empire inherited by Philip Spanish Armada  1588 – Spanish Armada sent against Elizabeth I of England (she had refused his proposal AND killed Henry the VIII’s catholic daughter Mary Queen of Scots AND reasserted Protestantism in England)  Armada is destroyed by smaller British fleet and a terrible storm! (Protestant Wind?)

…All that silver…but now we’re broke.  Charles V had left Philip with a huge debt! literally  Fighting wars and trying to control such a vast territory cost a fortune – literally.  Philip defaulted on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 – lenders did not have the power to force the king to repay his loans...Spain's kings would default 6 more times in the next 65 years

30 Years War –  Treaty of Westphalia severely weakens power of Holy Roman Empire…

Germany  Remnants of The Holy Roman Empire  Many Germanic States adopt Lutheranism as official religion around 1530  Warfare against Catholics ends in 1648  German States divided into independent principalities controlled by either the Hapsburgs of Austria or the Kingdom of Prussia

Netherlands  Protestants emphasized individual achievement  Promoted economic enterprise and capitalism  Demonstrate Virtue through thrift and industry 1576 – Netherlands vying for freedom from Spanish control Help of Queen Elizabeth (allies with other protestant forces) 1588 – Philip the II – Spanish Armada to invade England Destroyed by English and a storm Coupled with drying up of mines in new world mid 1600s, Spain sees dramatic decline

The Dutch!  Ruled by coalition of businessmen  Commercial capital of Europe:  Stock Exchange  Banks  Textile Industry  Shipping Industry  Joint Stock Companies – POWERFUL  Power declines after English Navigation Act of 1651

Russia  Rise of nation-states lead some to fear them (China/Japan) and some to emulate them – Russia  Isolated by geography, religion and culture  Extended to the pacific by 1649  Still Medieval – Serfs bound to land

 Peter the Great  Crowned Czar (Tsar) in 1682 crush  1700 Battle of Narva –– 8,000 Swedes crush 40,000 Russians YIKES! We definitely need to modernize…

 Visits Europe to see how things are done!  Comes home and makes changes! St Petersburg  New Capital – St Petersburg  “Europeanized” Russia  Reorganized and trained army  New weapons  Promoted mining and manufacturing  Western education for nobles  No beards for nobility!

Russia!  Defeated Swedes and kept conquering!  Improvements drove deeper wedge between nobility and peasants  No free markets  Heavy taxes  Conscription  Forced labor

1725 Death of Peter the Great