Chapter 1 Science&Technology

Science: (and technology) Science - knowledge attained through study or practice or knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through the scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world Science - knowledge attained through study or practice or knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through the scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world Technology - and knowledge of tools, techniques, and crafts. Technology - and knowledge of tools, techniques, and crafts.

Science: (and technology) Has helped societies throughout history to advance and even thrive above other cultures. Has helped societies throughout history to advance and even thrive above other cultures. organized way of investigating the natural world and put resources to a beneficial use. organized way of investigating the natural world and put resources to a beneficial use.

3 Examples  Weapons = to protect the people and gain new land & resources  Agriculture = to feed the people which help prevent civil unrest  Medicine = to cure and prevent diseases so the people may live longer

Laws and Theories  Theories: explanation based on observations and investigations. Theories can change or be discarded if new information is discovered  Developed from a hypothesis that is proven over and over

Laws and Theories  Scientific Law: Statement about things that occur in nature and seem to be true all of the time, do not explain why or how  Law of gravity – two masses attract each other

Scientific Method: a logical method to solve ANY problem.

Scientific Method  State the Problem = needs to be well defined  Gather information = (Research the Problem) become an expert on the problem  Form the Hypothesis = through research; an educated guess at a solution to the problem  Test = run a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis by Recording & analyzing data  State Your Conclusion = evaluate the success of the hypothesis. Adjust and Retest as necessary

Research and Hypothesis  Research – gather information about past observations and experiments so that experiments and errors are not repeated  Hypothesis – an educated guess that is testable

Testing the Hypothesis  Follows a procedure  Trials = number of times the experiment was run. Needs to be a high number to add credibility to the work  Variables = conditions that change during the experiment & factors being tested –independant variable = condition(s) you change –dependent variable = condition(s) that is changed as a RESULT of what you did *On a Graph = dependant variable goes on the y- axis, independent variable on the x-axis *On a Graph = dependant variable goes on the y- axis, independent variable on the x-axis

Specimen Groups  Control Group = a group that had NO changes in their conditions. Used to set what is NORMAL in order to make comparisons  Experimental Group = group(s) that have the experimental change (independant variable)

Data  Record and analyze data  Carefully review all of the data you have collected from your experiment.  Use charts and graphs to help you analyze the data and patterns.

Conclusions  Communicate your results –Explain whether the data supports your hypothesis –Acknowledge any deviations from what you expected –Derive conclusions, based on your findings –Relate your findings to earlier work in the same area (if you can) –Explore the implications of your findings

90 mice are run through a maze to get the average for that maze. 30 mice Control Group NO MUSIC 30 mice Experiment Group ROCK MUSIC 30 mice Experimental Group CLASSICAL MUSIC 5 minutes was the average (all 90 mice) 2 Weeks 24 hours per day music played in living areas Music, Mice and a Maze

Questions  Name the variables.  What time MUST the control group have in order to declare any results as valid?  Why must all 3 groups get the exact amount of food & water?  What is the purpose of the maze?  What are your predictions?

Actual Results

Prediction and Inference  Statement about the way things will happen in the future, often but not always based on experience or knowledge.  process of drawing a conclusion by applying logic and facts to observations or hypotheses

Models  Representation of an idea, event or object to help people better understand it  Can be physical or computer simulations

Measurement Standards of Measurements  Accurate measurements are needed to make an experiment valid.  Standards are exact quantities (amounts) that people agree upon for comparison.  Measurement is represented by a number and a unit.

Measurement Systems 2 types 1. English system of measurement –a. Volume (gallon) –b. Mass (pound) –c. Length (foot) 2. Metric System (International System of Units) –Base Units Volume (liter) Mass (gram) Length (meters) Time (seconds) Temperature (Kelvin)

SI units  The SI Units are used by scientists and all but 2 countries in the world. The units have prefixes that are used to represent what multiple of ten is being used.

Kangaroos hopping down backwards drinking chocolate milk!  Kilo  Hecta- 100  Deca- 10  Base Unit- 1  Deci- 1/10  Centi- 1/100  Milli- 1/1000 Multiples of ten are used so that conversions are easily made between each unit.

Conversions Going up the stairs – move decimal to left for every stair you move Going down the stairs – move decimal to the right for every stair you move  20 dag = ______ mg  3 m = ______ cm  1500 mL = ______hL  2.8 km = ______dm

Measuring Distance  Length is the distance between two points. You have to choose a unit to measure in that will be most appropriate.

Measuring Volume  Volume is the amount of space that is occupied by an object.  Volume of a rectangle= Length x Width x Height  Unit would be the unit³ Example: cm³  How do you measure the volume of a liquid? You have to measure the capacity of the container.  1 cm³ = 1 mL

Measuring Matter  Mass is the measurement of the quantity of matter in an object. Matter takes up space.  Density is the mass per unit volume of a material unit volume of a material Density = Mass Volume Volume

Measuring Time and Temperature  Time is the interval between two events measured in seconds.  Temperature is measured in Kelvin (K).  Freezing point of Water is 0ºC  Boiling point of water is 100ºC  0.0K is the coldest possible (known as absolute zero)  Water freezes at 273K and boils at 373K.

Communicating with Graphs  A graph is a visual display of information or data. Types: 1. Line – Shows the relationship between independent and dependent variable x-axis= (horizontal) independent variable y-axis= (vertical) dependent variable

Line Graph

Bar – useful to show comparisons or numerical data A word or category or a number

Circle – Fixed quantity is broken down into parts - Percentages

Scientific Notation *from standard notation to scientific notation 1. Write # between 1 and Write (x10) 3. Count number of spaces the decimal moved and write it as an exponent on the ten 4. Positive exponent if moved left (making the entire number smaller) 5. negative exponent if moved right (making the entire number larger)

*From Scientific Notation to Standard 1) For positive exponent move decimal number of spaces to make the number bigger 2) For negative exponent move decimal number of spaces to make number smaller