1. UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

2. GOAL OF SCIENCE TO EXPLAIN AND UNDERSTAND THE WORLD AROUND US –TECHNOLOGY – USING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND TOOLS IN A USEFUL WAY CHANGING BODY OF INFORMATION –OBSERVATIONS  QUESTIONS  HYPOTHESIS  EXPERIMENT  CONCLUSION –THEORY – BEST EXPLANATION SUPPORTED BY MANY DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS ALL LEADING TO THE SAME CONCLUSIONS –LAW – SPECIFIC STATEMENT THAT IS TESTED AND IS BELIEVED TO BE TRUE THROUGHOUT THE UNIVERSE

3. BRANCHES OF SCIENCE BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS GEOLOGY ASTRONOMY METEOROLOGY ZOOLOGY BOTANY PALEONTOLOGY ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE GENETICS AERODYNAMICS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY FORENSICS PATHOLOGY FORESTRY

4. Observations vs. Inferences Observation – information directly collected using the five senses –Qualitative – describes Color, texture, smell –Quantitative – actual measurable number Time, distance, amount Inference – a logical statement based on the observations

5. SCIENTIFIC METHOD State the Problem Research Form a Hypothesis –An educated guess –Testable Design an Experiment –Variable – single factor you are testing Only test 1 in an experiment –Control – setup without the variable Used for comparison

6. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Record and Analyze Data –Dependent variable – what you measure Responding variable –Independent variable – what you are testing Manipulated variable Form a Conlusion –Accept or reject hypothesis –If reject, change hypothesis and repeat Tell Scientific Community –Retest –Further Testing

7. Metric System Advantages: –Powers of 10 –Convert by moving decimals –Universal for all scientist Converting Metric to Metric –Know prefixes: kilo- (1,000); hecta- (100); deka- (10); base unit (1); deci- (.1); centi- (.01); milli- (.001) Other prefixes: Giga (1 billion), Mega (1 million), Micro (1 millionth); Nano (1 billionth) –Label prefixes on horizontal line, starting with kilo on left and go to milli on right –Start with what you know and count spaces to get to what you want to convert it to –Move decimal same number of places in same direction

8. Measuring with the Metric System Distance –Base Unit - meters Mass – the amount of matter in an object –Base unit - grams –Weight - force of gravity on an object Go into outerspace – weight changes, mass does not –Triple beam balance or scale

9. Measuring with the Metric System Volume – amount of space an object takes up –Base Unit – Liter Also can be measure in cubic meters, cubic centimeters, etc. 1 mL = 1 cm 3 –Graduated Cylinder Meniscus – curved portion of top of liquid –Calculate volume of solid – L X W X H

10. Measuring with the Metric System Time –Base unit – seconds –Not always based on units of 10 60 sec in 1 minute; 60 min. in 1 hour; 24 hours in 1 day etc. Temperature – measure of the average speed of molecules –Heat – amount of thermal energy –Base units – degrees celsius or Kelvin K = o C + 273 or o C = K - 273 o C = ( o F – 32) X.5556 or o F = (1.8 X o C) + 32 –Absolute Zero – coldest temperature possible 0 K or -273 o C