Key Concepts  ATP structure  ATP – ADP cycle  Caloric Values

OBJECTIVES Recognize the overall structure of an ATP molecule. Summarize the function of ATP. Illustrate the relationship between ATP and ADP. Interpret diagrams and equations of the ATP-ADP cycle. Compare the caloric values in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Vocabulary Define the following vocabulary terms: 1. ATP 2. ADP 3. Chemosynthesis 4. Heterotroph 5. Autotroph 6. Bond energy

What do you think about when you hear the word ENERGY?

Forms of Energy List some forms of energy you are familiar with and indicate which one(s) would be used by a living to live.

Think About This… Would you rather have fifty $1 bills or one $50 bill? Why?

Remember…  Energy is the ability to do work.  All living things require energy.  Energy comes from foods-whether they are made or taken in.  The sun is the ultimate source of energy.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs To live, all organisms must release the energy in sugars and other compounds. Autotrophs Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. Called producers Heterotrophs Called consumers A food chain shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

Chemical Energy and ATP  Energy comes in many forms:  light, heat, electricity  Energy can be stored.  Activities of the cell are powered by chemical fuels. ATP = ENERGY

The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Starch molecule Glucose molecule

Chemical Energy and ATP ATP and ADP  ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is one of the principle compounds that living things use to store energy  adenine group, ribose, 3 phosphates  ADP (adenosine diphosphate)  Adenine group, ribose, 2 phosphates

ATP and ADP triphosphateadenosine diphosphate tri=3 di=2

Chemical Energy and ATP ATP and ADP ATP and ADP are different, but related The difference is the key way in which they store energy. When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to the ADP molecule ADP + Energy  ATP When ATP releases that stored energy, it becomes ADP ATP – Energy  ADP

phosphate removed

Where does ATP come from? Organisms break down food molecules (biomolecules) and extract the ATP found within those bonds. The main biomolecule in which organisms get ATP is from carbohydrates like glucose. Remember: Cellular Respiration occurs in the Mitochondria, which is the “power house” of the cell. Glucose is broken down into ATP.

Food and ATP Foods that you eat do not contain ATP.  First the foods must be digested and broken down into smaller molecules that can be used to make ATP.  The amount of ATP made from the food depends on the type of food digested (protein, carbohydrate, lipid).  Carbohydrates are our MAIN source of energy  36 ATP molecules can be made from Glucose  Lipids store the most amount of ATP  80% of the Energy in your body comes from fats.  146 ATP molecules from a lipid  Proteins are the LAST source of energy.  36 ATP molecules can be made from Proteins

ATP and Glucose  Cells store small amounts of Energy in the form of ATP.  Used for quick (< 90 seconds), cellular processes in which Energy is required immediately  Active Transport  Organisms require longer lasting Energy (> 90 seconds)  Stored in the form of glucose  Glucose can store 90 times more Energy than ATP.  Excess glucose is converted into fat if not used. Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins Excess glucose gets turned into fats.

Stored Glucose Plants: Cellulose Animals: Glycogen

calorie vs. Calorie calorie is a unit of energy the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water up 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit). When applied to food, we are actually talking about a kilocalorie (1000 calories) Calories are found in foods. The measure of Calories gives us an indication of the potential energy that food possesses. 1 gram of Protein = 4 Calories 1 gram of Carbohydrate = 4 Calories 1 gram of Fat = 9 Calories

Energy in Foods In many countries outside of the US and UK, food energy is measured by the kilojoule. 1 Cal = J = 1000 cal

Chemosynthesis  Some organisms don’t use light energy to produce chemical energy.  They may live in a place where sunlight is not present or strong enough like hydrothermal vents.  These organisms use chemosynthesis.