A paradigm shift in local publicness: Examining the experiences in Europe Katsutaka Shiraishi Leader of Group 1, LORC

2 Image of local sustainability in EU Integration of environmental, social and economic sustainability under the leadership of local governments Environmental sustainability Economic sustainability Social sustainability Sustainable development

3 Sustainability and governance (local level) ☆ Connecting the challenge of sustainability and that of governance ☆ Meaning/ value of considering this at local level Governance is a must from the sustainability perspective Governance from the Neo-liberal perspective Reorganisation/ reconsideration of the public-private relationship – focus is on downsizing the work of the public sector Sustainability is considered only as a policy objective/ one policy of a policy list Sustainability is not strategically embedded into local governments

4 Two features of “unsustainability” ① Human society putting burden on environment Market economy ＋ human activities ←→ natural environment ② Human activities and natural environment cannot be commodified totally Market economy ←→ human activities + natural environment Through the commodification of labour power, economic activities are abstracted from the lifeworld and come to be tied with exchange value (money) Participation in market as a commodified labour Attempts to maintain a certain standard of living, even if one cannot participate in market - Social policy of welfare states towards 'decommodification' Non-market social relations constitute the foundation of the lifeworld, and they used to form the basis of sustainable material circulation and sustainable use and management of local resources - Dependence on the government sector and money

5 Development of a local social system that is mutually dependent on the environment Environment (natural and built environment ） and locality A lifestyle that contributes to the reduction of environmental load A local social system that deals with sustainability management Natural environment Built environment Local social system Lifeworld Reconstruction andembedding of non-market and non-governmentalframeworks(“decommodification”) Humansociety

6 Image of local governance in EU countries Govern -ment Market Expansion of the spheres Connection between people – development of social capital, non-market relations Good governments do not go for a simple downsizing – sceptical about the neoliberal reforms Mutual complement of various kinds of economies, not the market economy itself Civil society

7 Creating link between sustainability and governance Local and regional sustainability Local governance Environmental sustainability Economic sustainability Social sustainability Sustainable development

8 Sustainability and governance ・ Partnership between local governments and their partners ・ Existence of active local governments Stages of governance and success rates of sustainable development policies (Evans, et al.) Institutional capacity of local governments From comparative analysis of 40 cities in EU Passive government →failure Active government →middle success rate L Voluntary governing → low success rate Dynamic governing →high success rate H H Social capacity of locality L

9 Development of multi-stakeholder partnerships  EU Structural Policy (Cohesion Policy): More than 200 stakeholders take part in the process of plan makings and implementations in an area  UK: Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) → Local Strategic Partnerships (LSP), Local Area Agreements (LAA)

10 Challenges to the multi-stakeholder partnership-oriented policy development US: voluntary & community sector to be “ quasi- business sector ” UK: multi-stakeholder partnership or “ quasi-public sector ” The failure of Empowerment Zone (Clinton gov. → Bush gov.) From SRB to LSP (Major gov. → Blair gov.) Failure of US and challenge of UK

11 Focus of EU’s interpretation of local sustainability  Environment (natural and built): Aalborg Charter (1994) ↓  Social inclusion: Urban Action Plan (1998) ↓  Economy: Lisbon Agenda (2000)

12 Society driven by multi-stakeholder partnership government market Deliberative democracy-style policy development Partnership between governments and subsidiarity principle Corporate Social Responsibility Social enterprises Civil society NPOs, cooperatives, community organisations, and other associations Integration of sustainable development strategies at local level ← Breaking away from sectionalism and a list of individual policies (which implies no strategic connections between the policies)

13 Image of paradigm shift in local publicness ・ Local and regional sustainability ・ Local governance Development of a multi-stakeholder partnership society Policy development and implementation with multi- stakeholder partnerships New local publicness ― paradigm shift needed ― paradigm shift needed

14 Need for socially-oriented human resources  Human resources who support the formation of a civil society sector  Facilitation capacity that bridges multi-stakeholder partnerships  Creativity that socialise the paradigm shift (value, imagination)