Sections 1-2 Ms. Garratt

 Nobel Peace Prize  Women’s Suffrage Movement  Universal Peace Conference 1899 set up the Hague Tribunal, a world court to settle disputes. (Could not enforce rulings)  Olympics

Pros and cons of nationalism Nationalism accentuates rivalries among Great Powers Fierce rivalry existed among 6 great powers Leads to competition among nations. A. Economic Competition for markets and raw materials B. Territorial disputes – Alsace-Lorraine C. Competition for overseas empires Germany wanted its “place in the sun” Competition for domination of the Balkans Both Austria-Hungary and Russia competed

Brit felt threatened by Germ’s econ growth By 1900 Germ’s new modern factories out-produced Brit’s older ones Germ was jealous because it had fewer colonies “Sun never sets……Germany’s own place in the sun” Competition for colonies brought Germ & Fr to the brink of war in 1905 & 1911 over Morocco Wilhelm II also upset the military B/P by challenging British naval superiority German policies drove Brit & France closer

 Glorification of military & keeping large army  War was romanticized  Aggressive Nationalism increased due to competition  Fear of war gave generals power & influence  Their war plans will set in motion…..  They asked for larger defense expenditures for war readiness  Matter of time before armies were used  Jingoism – belligerent foreign policies  Brit was only country w/o large army

Alliances were initially intended to maintain the B/P and preserve peace Bismarck wanted to “isolate” France which was resentful over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine Bismarck forged Dual Alliance w/ AH in 1879 Italy joined in 1882 Became the Triple Alliance Entered treaty w/Russia in 1881 Bismarck succeeded in isolating France

But Wilhelm fired Bismarck and allowed treaty with Russia to lapse. Russia responded by entering into alliance with France Bismarck’s fear of a two-front war now became a possibility By 1914 there were 2 major alliances Alliances will drag nations into the war

 Central Powers or Triple Alliance  Germ  AH  Italy backs out  Ottoman Empire joins in 1915  Bulgaria will join  The Allies  France  Brit  Russia

Nowhere was a dispute more likely than the Balkan Peninsula Long history of nationalist uprisings & ethnic clashes Also multinational empires competed there for influence (Russ, AH & Ottomans) Balkan countries wanted independence Serbia gained independence & pursued a pan-Slavic foreign policy Serbia wanted to absorb other Slavic populations Russia supported Serbia’s pan-Slavism AH did not because it would stir rebellion among its pop

AH does something that outrages Serbia in 1908 AH annexes Bosnia & Herzegovina which had huge Slavic pops. Serbia had wanted to absorb those pops as part of Serbia Serbs vowed to take Bos/Herz away from AH AH vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine its authority in the Balkans

 Into this poisoned atmosphere of mutual dislike & mistrust stepped the heir to the AH throne, Franz Ferdinand  Visited Sarajevo, Bosnia  Shot by a Serb, Gavrilo Princip  Terrorist group - Black Hand was committed to ridding Bosnia of AH rule

Because the assassin was a Serb AH decided to use the murders as an excuse to punish Serbia AH presented Serbia with an ultimatum containing numerous demands. Serbia knew that rejecting the ultimatum would result in war so Serbia agreed to most of the demands & agreed to allow an internat’l conference settle others AH was in no mood to negotiate and declared war That same day Russia began its mobilization Alliance systems are activated almost immediately

(1) What were the four long term causes of WWI? (2) What were two ways in which Germany was altering the B/P in Europe? (3) Why did France continue to resent Germany? (4) What were the two alliance systems that developed on the eve of WWI? (5) What empires were competing for influence in the Balkans? (6) Why were the Balkans considered a “powder keg” (7) What were the goals of pan-Slavism (8) Why did AH seek to punish Serbia

 Kaiser Wilhelm II was outraged at the murder of a royal heir  Gave AH assurance of German backing.  Rather than urge caution the Kaiser advised Franz Joseph to take a firm stand

 Russia was the champion of pan- Slavism – the idea that all Slavs share a common heritage.  Serbia looked to Russia for support.  Czar Nicholas II urged the Kaiser to convince AH to soften its demands  When this did not work – Russia began to mobilize  Germ responded by declaring war on Russia

Russia then turned to France Germany demanded that France remain neutral France hoped to get even with Germany for the 1870 Franco-Prussian War When France refused to remain neutral Germ declared war on France

Brit was cautious at first until Germany violated Belgium neutrality Britain was obligated by treaty to maintain Belgium neutrality Why did Germ violate Belg neutrality?

Germ militarists developed a plan to avoid a two-front war, the Schlieffen Plan The plan called for attacking & defeating France quickly & then rushing east to fight Russia. Germ felt confident since Russ was so backward & it wouldn’t be able to mobilize in time so it launched attack against France & went thru neutral Belgium Early on it appeared Germany might be successful However, Germ was stopped at the First Battle of the Marne-

Considered one of the most important events of the war because it left the Schlieffen Plan in ruins & Germany was forced to fight a two-front war. The French successfully stopped the Germans and Russia attacked Germany

Each side thought its cause was just AH wanted to punish Serbia Germ felt must stand by its ally, AH Russ felt duty to stand by Serbia & saw ultimatum as attempt to oppress slavs Fr felt need to support Russ or face Germ alone Brit obligated to defend Belgium neutrality Intensive jingoism Jubilation once war was declared

 You will be assigned a country.  You will explain & defend your assigned country’s position/decision to go to war.  You may use the text for preparation  After completing your position you will debate the other three members of your group.  Germany  Russia  France  Britain

Jubilation Jingoism Workers turn back on socialist views

 Stalemate on the Western Front.  Parallel trenches  Battles of Verdun and Somme resulted in millions dead.,  Each side only gained a few miles for all its casualties  No man’s land

War more mobile than West Russians poorly equipped & trained Battle of Tannenberg Russian Revolution was major turning pt. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Turning Point: Germans throw their weight to the Western front

 Poison Gas  Tanks  Machine Guns  Submarine  Airplanes

Russian Revolution 1917 US Entry in the war 1917 What effect did these events have on the war?

 Official US policy  Immigrants often took sides  Loans made to Allies tied us to them  Brit cut Transatlantic cable to control info & vilify Germ  Neutrality was threatened due to submarine warfare & particularly the Lusitania incident

Pressure to enter the war was due to 3 factors: (1) unrestricted sub warfare (2) Zimmerman Telegram (3) Desire to play a role in peace process

 Lusitania  Why USW? Due to Brit blockade & because Germ did not really consider the US neutral  Wilson refused to disallow Americans from traveling the seas  This caused S/S Bryan to resign

Germany promised Mexico to help it regain land lost in the Mexican- American war if it joined alliance

Big Four

Secret agreements (Sykes-Picot Agreement) Self-determination applied to eastern Europe but not colonies Harsh terms for Germ - forced to pay reparations for damages & pensions Germ stripped of overseas colonies in Africa & Asia Military reduced Land taken from east & west

US Senate must ratify all treaties Was divided between reservations & irreconciables Reservations were willing to sign if treaty were modified Irreconciables were staunchly isolationist Because Wilson attacked Republicans & was unwilling to compromise Senate rejected US participation in LON

Italy – wanted territory in Austria that it was promised in secret treaties Japan – wanted “equality of races” clause in Versailles Treaty – also wanted its claims in China recognized Russ was excluded from peace talks – resented new Baltic States on its borders All these nations would wait for an opportunity to revise settlements in their favor