History of Education In America Mrs. Ashley New Visions Education

Early Colonies Education reserved for the wealthy Teachers not formally trained Students attended sporadically Religion very important, much of schooling concerned learning to read the Bible European thought strongly influenced the schools

New England Colonies Puritans settled in Massachusetts –saw children as savage and primitive –Play was idleness, used corporeal punishment –Students were to memorize, sit still 1635 The Boston Latin School –Latin schools prepared students for college –Classical curriculum, No women attended

New England Colonies 1642-Massachusetts Law –Parents and Masters of Apprentices had to teach children to read and learn principles of religion Massachusetts Act (Old Deluder Satan Act) –Every township with a population greater than 50 had to employ a teacher –Taught reading, writing and scripture –Gave support to public education

Middle Colonies More Separation of church and state than New England due to diversity of language and religion Churches often took on the role of education in parochial schools in native language. Quakers—taught moral and religious education –Equal education for women, Benjamin Rush promoted strong education for women

Southern Colonies Large plantations, private tutors hired to teach the wealthy Boarding schools or sending children to Europe were common practices

Some of the major contributions of Colonial America Public education Some groups excluded: poor whites, African Americans, females and minorities Relationship between religion and schools founded at this time.

1700s Constitution, 10 th amendment gave states control over education, and also Federal Government uses it to gain national goals 1751 Establishment of first American Academy by Benjamin Franklin Land Ordinance Act of 1787 required income from one township to pay for Education Separation of church and state 1783-Webster published The American Spelling Book, or Blue-Back Speller

Late 1700s 1779 Jefferson proposes establishment of common schools 1785 Northwest Ordinances 1801 Catholics develop own schools 1805 First elementary school established in New York

1800s Industrialization, High Rates of Immigration Horace Mann-MA 1839 first state supported normal school (students went here after elem.) Increased funding for school, mandatory education (1852) Academies –Prepared students for careers such as military, art 1820 Common Schools-funded by taxes –Educate all children using the same curriculum –State departments of education –Dame Schools—Operated by women, lessons in spelling and reading. Used the Hornbook (contained the alphabet, numbers and Lord’s Prayer) 1836-The McGuffey Reader (Used in Common Schools)

Normal Schools Taught teachers by giving more reading, writing and arithmetic and student teaching as part of a laboratory school year preparatory school for teaching 1821 Boston gets first public high school 1837 Women go to college

Following the Civil War Economy was depressed Schooling was not a priority African Americans went to school in much larger numbers than before the war Booker T. Washington—principal at state normal school in Tuskegee, Alabama (especially in vocational education) W.E.B DuBois disagreed with B.T. Washington

Following the Civil War Native Americans-purpose of education was to have them give up their culture –Mission Schools under contract with Federal Government (religious groups educated) –Day Boarding School on/off reservations for cultural transformation –1879 Richard Pratt school was to have children reject their parents way of life

End of the 1800s Public Schools for men and women in cities Women were the classroom teachers and had to be educated to do the teaching. Some schools in rural areas and the south sexes were separated 1850 Harvard Medical School admits first woman (she withdrew after riots protesting her admittance) 1850 Mass Supreme Court “Separate but equal 1862 Morrill Land Grant University Act- Each State received 30,000 acres to establish colleges of agriculture known as Land Grant Colleges, again in First Kindergarten

Late 1800s Massive immigration, exploitation of children in the workplace, movement from agricultural to industrial society, differentiation of jobs Vocational guidance First College exclusively for women, Wellesley College Committee of 10 of NEA, recommended High School be grades 7-12, classical, Latin- scientific, modern languages and English which would lead to college (committee of professors)

Progressive Era Characterized by poverty, poor housing, unsafe working conditions, child workers Diversity of languages from massive immigration Large increase in public school enrollment Education was looked to for addressing these social needs Women’s Rights led to 19 th Amendment 1920

Progressive Era Change in the political control of education to have specially trained experts run the schools (superintendents) Change in educational thought Innovations in curriculum Scientific management by school administration, Fredrick Taylor Schooling in terms of professionalism John Dewey strong influence in this movement

John Dewey Student’s interests emphasized over subject matter Child centered curriculum Prepare students for realities of today (present living not future living) Democratic schools Discovery and inquiry based learning, portfolios, flexible scheduling, group work

1910s Smith Hughes Act of funding for Vocational education in public schools Call for reform in the schools that trained children for work (industrial education) as well as book learning John Dewey and Progressive Education

Great Depression of the 30s Normal schools became 4 year colleges and became state teacher colleges Focus on jobs and lack of employment issues 1933 U. S. Employment Service Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1939)

WWII and 1940s Testing expanded due to returning veterans and placing people in service in correct positions

1950s—Cold War Sputnik 1957 launched by USSR National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of Identify capable science students ◦ V-A provided funds for school counseling programs ◦ V-B upgrading or training of secondary school counselors in year long training ◦ Increased # of counselors and counselor student ratio 1959 James B. Conant wrote the American High School (suggested 1 counselor for every 250 students) States began mandating ratios Special emphasis on math and science preparation.

1950s State Teacher Colleges began to offer master’s degrees as part of the curriculum, some are now state universities 1954 Brown vs Board of Ed. of Topeka (desegregation)

1960s Civil Rights Movement and War on Poverty Education seen as way to break cycle of poverty NDEA guidance for all students including elementary students Resulted in large numbers of counselors, assisted in multiple missions of schools. ESEA of 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act funds for school counseling, funding based on number of poor children Vocational Act Amendments of 1968 called for career guidance programs especially those with disabilities and disadvantaged title VII- bilingual ed.

Head Start Title I – originally restricted to low income students

Issues that remain today Schools are not equally funded, with wealthy districts spending 23% more What guarantees teacher quality? Control of curriculum Relationship between religion and character education

1970s Call for back to basics and teacher accountability Lower enrollments meant less funding from Federal Government 1972 Title IX sex discrimination Career Education Incentive Act of 1976 career guidance in the schools 1975 Mainstreaming law ESEA of 1976 major emphasis on vocational guidance 1979 Department of education

1980s 1983 A Nation at Risk published Earnest Boyer suggested core curriculum Middle schools created small learning communities

1990 Multicultural awareness and competence gained prominence. Teachers took on role of leaders and collaborators

2000s Afghanistan and Iraq Wars NCLB enacted as Federal L0aw 2003 the ASCA National Model: A Framework for School Counseling Programs was published 2003 Education Trust and MetLife established the National Center for Transforming School counseling National Center for School Counseling Outcome Research at U of Mass.