APA Citation Style Kaplan University

Seminar objectives  Define plagiarism  Review APA  Explain the difference between a citation and a reference  Explain when to cite a statement as a direct quote  Provide an in-text citation for a direct quote  Provide an in-text citation for a non-direct quote  Present reference examples of a book, a journal and an internet source  Write an APA reference!

Question for class  Why do we cite material?

Answer  Most important reason – to avoid plagiarism!  To provide enough information so your reader can find the original source if they want to read more on the subject.  To provide full credit to the author of the original work.

Question  Is plagiarism stealing?

Answer  Yes! Absolutely! Plagiarism is taking something someone else has spent hours doing and presenting it as your own.  And, like crimes have severe punishment, plagiarism, even unintentional, can be grounds for expulsion from colleges.  Please review Kaplan’s Plagiarism Policy in the syllabus

What is APA?  APA means “The American Psychological Assocation”; they created this method of formatting  APA formatting is an approach to writing that provides credit to the author of material that you have used in a paper.  APA formatting is also a specific style (how your paper should look).

The “Basics”  There are two parts to giving credit to an another person in your paper when you are formatting with APA:  1) The citation: a very brief statement written within your text that tells the reader “the idea that I just talked about was not mine, but belonged to another person”. The citation is brief so as not to interrupt the reading much

The “Basics”  There are two parts to giving credit to an another person in your paper when you are formatting with APA:  2) The reference listing: a more detailed listing that comes at the end of the paper and can tell the reader enough information that they can actually go and find the book

The “Basics” (Examples)  A citation (in red):  The Jonesburg Police Department started their community policing project in 1999 (Jones, 2007).  The reference listing (in green):  Jones, J. (2007). Community policing. Chicago: Kaplan Publishing.  Note: these are the same source (book); the citation is brief, the reference listing more detailed

The “Basics”  The citation and reference listing are related; they “co- exist”…you can’t have one without the other  They serve two different purposes

The “Basics” Here is a sample of what a paper may look like with a citation and a related reference listing (for the same source) Here is the citation within the paper’s text Here is the reference listing, listed at the end of the paper under “References”

Direct quotes vs paraphrased  Direct Quote -Any time you use 3 or more words from another source. Failure to cite as a direct quote =  Paraphrased Material - When you put the author’s material in your own words.

When to cite?  Whenever you are referring to an idea that is not uniquely your own, one that has been drawn from another source, you must “cite” that idea as someone else’s. The most common example is from a periodical or book:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005).

When to cite?  The citation can look like:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005).  According to Jones (2005) community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police.

When to cite?  The order of the citation is important, and should include, in parenthesis, the author’s name, a comma, and the year of publication:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). Author nameYear

When to cite?  You must cite the particular source (book, journal article, internet source, etc) each time you draw from it; not just the first time you use it in a text.  OR =

When to cite?  If your citation refers to a specific page or pages (most often quotations), you should also include that in your citation:  “Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department” (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Page number for a direct quote

When to cite?  Important: if you directly quote a text, you must put the quote in quotation marks:  “Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department” (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Note the purple portion is a direct quote from the Jones source

When to cite?  Almost without exception, your in-text citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end of your paper. Reference list formats are covered later :  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). Jones, A. (2005). Community policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc. Reference list

Examples: No authors  What if your source does not have an author listed anywhere? You will list the first few words of the title of the work:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (“Policing in Action,” 2005). Title synopsis

Examples: No date  What if your source does not have a publish date listed anywhere? You will list the author, and “n.d.” for “no date”:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, n.d.). n.d. = “no date” Note: if you don’t have an author or a date, your citation might read: (“Policing in Action”, n.d.)

Examples: Two authors  Your book or periodical might have more than one author. You must list both authors every time you draw and idea from that particular source:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones & Smith, 2005).  OR  According to Jones and Smith (2005) community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department.

Examples: Three to Six Authors  If you have three to six authors, you cite two different ways. The first time you cite the source, you list all authors:  “Listening is one of the most important and useful skills human beings possess” (Sherfield, Montgomery, & Moody, 2006, p. 132).  Each additional time you cite this source in your paper, you only list the first author, and follow it up with “et al.”:  “Effective listening skills can mean the difference between success and failure, A’s and F’s, relationships and loneliness” (Sherfield, et al., 2006, p. 132). “et al.” stands for “and others”

References  Recall that almost without exception, your in-text citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end of your paper.  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

References - Formatting  References are formatted in the fashion below. The reference is in “hanging indent” style, with the first line not indented and all lines that follow indented.  Jones, A. (2005). Community policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc. “Hanging indent”

References - Formatting  In general, the author is listed first; last name first, first initial next. The year is listed in parenthesis after that. The title is then displayed in italics. If it is a book, the city (and possibly the state) of publication is offered, followed by a colon and the publishing company name.  Jones, A. (2005). Community policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

References - Formatting  Reference lists are in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.  Multiple authors for the same reference are listed in the same order they appear on the book.  If you have more than one reference by the same author, you list them in order by the year of publication.  Use “&” as opposed to “and” in listing multiple authors in the reference list.

Reference Examples: Periodical  A periodical, such a magazine or newspaper, is referred to like below. The title of the article is listed after the year. The name of the periodical is next, followed by the volume number and pages.  Chadee, D., & Ditton, J. (2005). Fear of crime and the media: Assessing the lack of relationship. [Electronic version]. Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal,1, The periodical name and volume number are in italics Page #’s, not in italics

Reference Examples: Internet/Print Periodical  An internet/print periodical is listed in a reference list like any other periodical, however it also includes the retrieval date and web address (Note: example is of a periodical that is also printed; note volume # and page #’s):  City of Birmingham (n.d.).Birmingham city center master plan. Retrieved July 25, 2006, from com/planning/masterplanupdate.pdf

Reference Examples: Govt. / Private Organization  Internet publications from organizations, government or private, will many times not display an author. The agency name is listed instead of the author.  US Census (2000). Annual demographic survey. Retrieved on January 16, 2007 from /new01_50_06.htm

Ready to Test yourself?

What’s wrong with this?  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48).

Answer  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48).  In the above example the page number is included, but there are no quotation marks! Yes, in this example the author forgot to add the quotation marks  OR  The author did not use a direct quote, which means the page number should be eliminated.

Quick review then you write the reference citation!  What are the components of a reference list citation for a book?  Authors’ last names, initial of first & middle name,  publication date,  title of book, (Capitalization Issue)  edition of book if more than the first edition  city of publication (state of publication if city name is not easily recognized)  and the name of publisher.

Grab Your book..  Now, ready? When you are ready type in your APA reference of your text…  I will flash back to the previous slide for you to use while typing your reference:

Components to include for book reference  Authors’ last names, initial of first & middle name,  publication date,  title of book, (Capitalization Issue)  edition of book if more than the first edition  city of publication (state of publication if city name is not easily recognized)  and the name of publisher.

AND THE CORRECT CITATION IS… Siegel, L. J. (2008). Criminology: The core (3 rd ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, CA.

Important Points  You must “credit” others for their work; APA will do this for you  If this credit isn’t given, you might be committing plagiarism  You must connect your citations to a link in the reference list (with the exception of personal interviews)

Important Points  Consult the APA Publication Manual or ml (Purdue University’s English Lab APA website) for further information. This Powerpoint is merely a basic primer in APA formatting.

Challenge  Are you up for a challenge?  Next week on the discussion board, will you dare, do you dare, do you have it in you to TRY APA in your post?

challenge  If you are: then TRY (what’s the worse that happens? Will you fall off the trapeze bar?  NO! BUT>>>>>

You might LEARN  How great is that?

The End!  Another Great Seminar