2. Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture Instructor: Fred D. Collie

3. Creative Project: Types Of Evidence Create a 10 slide PowerPoint presentation (excluding the title page) that addresses the following: – Identify the types of evidence and their importance to the investigative process – Discuss the various types of evidence and how it is collected – Discuss how the evidence is examined – Discuss the types of information the evidence can provide – Discuss some possible contamination issues with the collection of the evidence. – Address any other relevant issue to this topic. – For assistance with this assignment, refer to chapters 2 and 3 of your text

4. Power Point Help

5. Possible Outline Slide 1-Title Slide (Your information, the name of your project) Slide 2-Various types of evidence and how it is collected (p. 41) 1. (Type of evidence, Give example of collection) 2. … 3…. 4…. 5…. Slide 3- How Evidence is Examined 1…. 2… 3…

6. Possible Outline Slide 4-Information Derived from Evidence 1… 2… 3… Slide 4-Contamination of Evidence 1… 2… 3… Slide 5- Additional relevant information 1. (You decide) Slide 6-Conclusion 1. 2. 3.

7. Types of Evidence  Fingerprints- Latent, Visible, Plastic  Bullets and Cartridges-Comparison Microscope  Handwriting- Typewriting, Printing  Shoe Impressions- Castings used for Comparison  Tool impressions- Hammer, Screwdriver, Jimmy, Cutting Devices Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 41

8. Tool Impressions You could add any additional information or explanation here. ExamplesMethods of Collection ExaminationInformationContamination Issues Examples: Hammer etc. How would you collect package transport and store these pieces of evidence? How would you examine this type of evidence? What information would this evidence provide? How might this evidence be contaminated or compromised?

9. Probable Cause Facts that a reasonable, prudent person would accept as a basis for decision making. QuantityPrima facie: presumptive but rebuttable. (Evidence that is sufficient to raise a presumption of fact or to establish the fact in question unless rebutted) 1 Degree of UncertaintyLess than apparent but still quite possible. Usage in ScienceBasis for theory development through testing of hypothesis. (A conjecture that provisionally accounts for a set of facts: can be used as the basis for additional investigation and guide in gathering further information) 2 Law in the U.S. Satisfies requirement for an arrest or issuance of a warrant for search and seizure of evidence. Basis for going on to the next stage of a legal proceeding. If no defense is made, prima facie evidence for every element constitutes a prima facie case that is sufficient to support a conviction in criminal cases. Criminal Investigation in the U.S. Obtain a search warrant what or an arrest warrant. 1 http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/p078.htm (Accessed 12/18/08) http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/p078.htm 2 Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 794

10. Records and Files: Nurtured Resource or Arid Archive? Osterburg & Ward, 2007

11.  Type of offense  Name(s) of offender(s)  Name(s) of victim(s)  Location  Date and time of occurrence  Relevant facts pertaining to case How Law Enforcement Records are Categorized Osterburg & Ward, 2007

12.  Identifies possible suspects for a particular crime  Lists crimes with a common offender  Identifies crime trends and potential targets  Prepares crime maps by type and location of crime, or by residences of known offenders Crime Pattern Analysis Osterburg & Ward, 2007

13.  Type of crime  Time, day, location  Type of property or persons targeted  Building  Object  Ruse used by perpetrator  Tale used by perpetrator  Miscellaneous idiosyncrasies  Photographs  Electronic data processing Organization of an MO File Osterburg & Ward, 2007

14. Informants: Cultivation and Motivation Osterburg & Ward, 2007

15.  Self-serving reasons  cutting deal/eliminating competition/building credit  Mercenary reasons  paid informants  Self-aggrandizement  favorable attention from authorities  Emotions  fear/revenge/jealousy/repentance/gratitude  Civic Duty Motives for Informing Osterburg & Ward, 2007

16.  Meet on neutral ground  Treat informant fairly  Treat informant courteously  Appeal to reason of motivation  Clue in newly recruited informant  Explain entrapment  Maintain cover  Keep informants in line  Advise informant not to commit crimes for information  Keep financial transaction exact Handling Informants Osterburg & Ward, 2007

17.  Press for details  Be tactful  Check reliability of information  Do not reveal discrepancies in information  Be sympathetic  Avoid embarrassing questions  Maintain control of interview Interviewing Informants Osterburg & Ward, 2007

18.  Law enforcement official or person acting as agent of law enforcement  Purpose is to institute a criminal prosecution  Innocent individual is induced  Conduct constitutes a criminal offense  Person who otherwise would not do so is prompted to commit an illegal act Conditions Meeting Entrapment Osterburg & Ward, 2007

19. Key Terms Crime Mapping http://www.caliper.com/Maptitude/crime/default.htm (Accessed 12/18/08)  The end product of a process that starts with the first- responding officer’s report that is processed by data entry personnel, entered into a database, and transformed into a symbol on paper. In this narrow interpretation, a map is merely a picture or part of a database. http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/nij/mapping/ch2_1.htmlhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/html/nij/mapping/ch2_1.html (Accessed 12/18/08)

20. Information Science  The sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rls=DLUS,DLUS:2008- 25,DLUS:en&defl=en&q=define:information+science&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title (Accessed 12/18/08) http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rls=DLUS,DLUS:2008- 25,DLUS:en&defl=en&q=define:information+science&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title

21. Confidential Source  Any individual stipulating confidentiality, who is freely providing intelligence or investigative information on a “one-time” basis, or responding to questions during a field interview, or in a custody interview.  Reliable Confidential Informant (RCI): A confidential informant who has furnished information in two separate matters, is found to be reliable through independent sources and investigation and has satisfactorily fulfilled all other criteria. http://tallahassee.com/assets/pdf/CD10811059.PDF (Accessed 12/18/08) http://tallahassee.com/assets/pdf/CD10811059.PDF

22. Probable Cause  Apparent facts discovered through logical inquiry that would lead a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that an accused person has committed a crime, thereby warranting his or her prosecution, or that a Cause of Action has accrued, justifying a civil lawsuit.  The probable cause standard is more important in Criminal Law than it is in Civil Law because it is used in criminal law as a basis for searching and arresting persons and depriving them of their liberty. Civil cases can deprive a person of property, but they cannot deprive a person of liberty. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Probable+Causehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Probable+Cause (Accessed 12/18/08)

23. Quid Pro Quo  Something for something, as in making a deal, e.g., plea bargaining (Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 800).  QUID PRO QUO - Lat. 'what for what' or 'something for something.' The concept of getting something of value in return for giving something of value. For a contract to be binding, it usually must involve the exchange of something of value. http://lectlaw2.securesites.net/def2/q003.htm (Accessed 12/18/08) http://lectlaw2.securesites.net/def2/q003.htm

24. Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture Instructor: Fred D. Collie

25. William T Forbes Kaplan University

26. When to cite?  Whenever you are referring to an idea that is not uniquely your own, one that has been drawn from another source, you must “cite” that idea as someone else’s. The most common example is from a periodical or book:  Criminal investigation must be conducted within the framework of our democratic system (Osterburg & Ward, 2007).

27. When to cite?  The citation follows the expression of the idea; typically at the end of a sentence (an exception would be when you express two or more ideas in one sentence:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). This is the citation

28. When to cite?  The order of the citation is important, and should include, in parenthesis, the author’s name, a comma, and the year of publication:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). Author nameYear

29. When to cite?  You must cite the particular book each time you draw from it; not just the first time you use it in a text.

30. When to cite?  If your citation refers to a specific page or pages, you should also include that in your citation:  Motive is an important factor in pointing to possible suspects in a homicide. Often there is a personal relationship between victim and perpetrator that, if subjected to stress may impel one of them to kill the other. (Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 355). Page number

31. When to cite?  Important: if you directly quote a text, you must put the quote in quotation marks:  “Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department” according to one source (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Note the blue portion is a direct quote from the Jones source

32. When to cite?  As mentioned earlier, you might have two ideas from two different sources (notice the placement of the first citation after the first idea):  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48) as well as teaching citizens how to handle their own crime problems (Smith, 1998). 2nd “idea”

33. When to cite?  Almost without exception, your in-text citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end of your paper. Reference list formats are covered later :  Anyone who discloses investigative information can be considered an informant. (Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 233). Osterburg J. & Ward R., (2007). Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past. (5 th Ed)Newark, NJ: Matthew Bender & Company Reference list

34. When to cite?  You may also at times refer to works without the parenthesis, if it “flows” better with your paper:  Jones has stated that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (2005, p. 48). Note the author is left out because it was mentioned earlier in the sentence

35. When to cite?  Here is another example of not using parenthesis:  In 1998, Jones reported that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (p. 48). In this instance the author and the year are mentioned in the prior sentence. The page number (specific to the idea) is the only citation listing. If you are referring to the entire work’s idea, you might not even have the page number in parenthesis.

36. Examples: No authors  What if your source does not have an author listed anywhere? You will list the first few words of the title of the work:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (“Policing in Action”, 2005). Title synopsis

37. Examples: No date  What if your source does not have a publish date listed anywhere? You will list the author, and “n.d.” for “no date”:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, n.d.). n.d. = “no date” Note: if you don’t have an author or a date, your citation might read: (“Policing in Action”, n.d.)

38. Examples: Two authors  Your book or periodical might have more than one author. You must list both authors every time you draw and idea from that particular source:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones & Smith, 2005, p. 48). 2nd Author

39. Examples: Three to Six Authors  If you have three to six authors, you cite two different ways. The first time you cite the source, you list all authors:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, Smith, & White, 2005).  Each additional time you cite this source in your paper, you only list the first author, and follow it up with “et al.”:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, et al.). “et al.” stands for “and others”

40. Examples: Agency as Author  Perhaps you have a source that lists an agency, such as a government agency, as the author (and not an individual). In this instance you simply list that agency within the citation:  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (U.S. Department of Justice, 2005). Agency listed

41. Examples: Personal Communications  Personal communications, such as e-mails, interviews, phone interviews, etc. are cited within your text, but they are NOT listed in the reference list:  Arthur Jones stated that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (personal communication, May 8th, 2005). This will NOT be listed in the reference list

42. References  Recall that almost without exception, your in- text citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end of your paper.  Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

43. References - Formatting  References are formatted in the fashion below. The reference is in “hanging indent” style, with the first line not indented and all lines that follow indented.  Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc. “Hanging indent”

44. References - Formatting  In general, the author is listed first; last name first, first initial next. The year is listed in parenthesis after that. The title is then displayed in italics. If it is a book, the city (and possibly the state) of publication is offered, followed by a colon and the publishing company name.  Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

45. References - Formatting  Reference lists are in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.  Multiple authors for the same reference are listed in alphabetical order.  If you have more than one reference by the same author, you list them in order by the year of publication.  Use “&” as opposed to “and” in listing multiple authors

46. Reference Examples: 2-6 authors  All authors (up to six) are listed in alphabetical order.  Anderson, M., Bell, J., & Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

47. Reference Examples: More than 6 authors  The first six authors are listed, every author after that is referred to as “et al.” (“and others”).  Anderson, M., Bell, J., Connors, G., Davis, L., Engram, P., Jones, A., et al. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

48. Reference Examples: Periodical  A periodical, such a magazine or newspaper, is referred to like below. The title of the article is listed after the year. The name of the periodical is next, followed by the volume number and pages.  Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. River City Monthly, 55, 25-32. The periodical name and volume number are in italics Page #’s, not in italics

49. Reference Examples: Periodical  A periodical, such a magazine or newspaper, is referred to like below. The title of the article is listed after the year. The name of the periodical is next, followed by the volume number and pages.  Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. River City Monthly, 55, 25-32. The periodical name and volume number are in italics Page #’s, not in italics

50. Reference Examples: Internet/Print Periodical  An internet/print periodical is listed in a reference list like any other periodical, however it also includes the retrieval date and web address (Note: example is of a periodical that is also printed; note volume # and page #’s):  Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Community Policing Weekly, 55, 25-32. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://www.compolicing.net http://www.compolicing.net Note web address and retrieval date

51. Reference Examples: Internet only Periodical  An internet only periodical is listed in a reference list like any other periodical, however it also includes the retrieval date and web address. Note also the retrieval date may differ from the publish date (if known).  Jones, A. (2001). Community Policing. International Association of Community Policing, 55, Article 2. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://www.compolicing.net http://www.compolicing.net This can be a “hyperlink”

52. Reference Examples: Govt. / Private Organization  Internet publications from organizations, government or private, will many times not display an author. The agency name is listed instead of the author.  U.S. Department of Justice (n.d.). Community Policing. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://www.usdoj.govhttp://www.usdoj.gov Note: “n.d” for “no date”. This can be used for any reference without a date

53. Reference Examples: Govt. / Private Organization  What about a private organization? Here is an example:  Higgins Institute (1999). Community Policing. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://higginsinst.com http://higginsinst.com

54. Reference Examples: Link from School Website  Some websites, such as college or university sites, have links to informative articles. These links are handled as follows:  Jones, A. (1999). Community Policing. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from the University of Nebraska, Criminal Justice Research Section web site: http://www.unl.edu/cj/compolicing http://www.unl.edu/cj/compolicing Note: the website (Nebraska) is distinct from the article (authored by Jones), so it is noted specifically in the reference list.

55. Reference Examples: Newspaper on the Web  Many newspaper have their articles on the web now. Here is how you list this in your reference list:  Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing Under Fire. River City Bugle. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://www.rcbugle.comhttp://www.rcbugle.com

56. Important Points  You must “credit” others for their work; APA will do this for you  If this credit isn’t given, you might be committing plagiarism  You must connect your citations to a link in the reference list (with the exception of personal interviews)

57. Important Points  Consult the APA Publication Manual or http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/rese arch/r_apa.html (Purdue University’s English Lab APA website) for further information. This Powerpoint is merely a basic primer in APA formatting.

58. Criminal Investigation (CJ 210) Unit 3 Lecture Instructor: Fred D. Collie