Chapter 11

 MAIN IDEA: As World War I intensified, the United States was forced to abandon its neutrality and help the Allies achieve victory.  WHY IT MATTERS NOW: The United States remains involved in world affairs.

M militarism: build-up of armed forces & use of armed forces as a tool of diplomacy A alliance system: international defensive agreements; done to maintain a balance of power in Europe I imperialism: strong nations competing for colonies N nationalism: devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation (“my country is better than yours!”)

 June 1914: Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian

 Because of alliances, this caused a chain reaction England and France declared war on Germany Germany, allied with Austria, declared war on Russia Russia, protecting Serbia, declared war on Austria Austria declared war on Serbia

Allied PowersCentral Powers Great BritainGermany FranceAustria-Hungary RussiaBulgaria BelgiumOttoman Empire

 The Death of Franz Ferdinand VideoFranz

 most people believed it would be a short war BUT, because of new technology, it was not

 new weapons:  machine guns, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, large cannon, submarines, barbed wire  effect: trench warfare was introduced to reduce losses

 U.S. remained neutral at first, but eventually entered the war in 1917

 isolationism: the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc. huh?

 Germany declared a war-zone around England  this threatened U.S. shipping & led to use of the convoy system to protect cargo ships

 Germans responded with submarines (U- boats)  May 1915: German submarines sank the Lusitania killing 1,198 people

 Germany apologized  Sussex Pledge: will warn merchant ships before sinking – effort to save lives  Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917

 Germany told Mexico:  if Mexico joined Central Powers, Germany would support an invasion of the U.S. & Mexico could gain back the land they lost in the Mexican War

 1917: Bolshevik Revolution (communism)  Revolution + many defeats = Russia quit the war

U.S. Entered WWI

unrestricted submarine warfare (Lusitania) the Zimmerman telegram Russia dropped out of the war

 1917: President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany

 U.S. needed soldiers: 2 million voluntarily enlisted, 3 million drafted by lottery  Selective Service Act (1917): draft

Johnnie, get your gun, Get your gun, get your gun, Take it on the run, On the run, on the run. Hear them calling, you and me, Every son of liberty. Hurry right away, No delay, go today, Make your daddy glad To have had such a lad. Tell your sweetheart not to pine, To be proud her boy's in line. (chorus sung twice) Johnnie, get your gun, Get your gun, get your gun, Johnnie show the Hun Who's a son of a gun. Hoist the flag and let her fly, Yankee Doodle do or die. Pack your little kit, Show your grit, do your bit. Yankee to the ranks, From the towns and the tanks. Make your mother proud of you, And the old Red, White and Blue. Chorus Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word over there - That the Yanks are coming, The Yanks are coming, The drums rum-tumming Ev'rywhere. So prepare, say a pray'r, Send the word, send the word to beware. We'll be over, we're coming over, And we won't come back till it's over Over there.

 American Expeditionary Force (AEF): led by General John J. Pershing, nicknamed “doughboys”

 Germany started a big offensive to win the war before U.S. troops could arrive in France  U.S. arrived in France in time to help stop advance and begin big Allied offensive that eventually won the war  Armistice Day: November 11, 1918 *Later became Veterans Day

 MAIN IDEA: World war I spurred economic, political, and social changes in the United States.  WHY IT MATTERS NOW: These changes increased government powers and expanded economic opportunities.

CH 11

 Organizing Industry  War Industries Board ▪ regulated supply of raw materials and delivery of finished products ▪ industrial capacity grew 20% ▪ without U.S. industry, war would have been lost  most labor unions cooperated (strikes were unpatriotic)

 Financing the War  government sold Liberty Bonds

 Committee on Public Information: persuaded artists and advertising agencies to “sell the war” with posters, speeches, songs, etc.

 Promoted Patriotism ▪ National Anthem sung at every public event ▪ German no longer taught in schools ▪ German measles became “Liberty Measles” ▪ sauerkraut became known as “Liberty Cabbage”

 Enforcing Loyalty  Sedition Act: prohibited speech that was disloyal/ profane... about the government, flag, military, or the Constitution ▪ very controversial ▪ Why?

▪ Schenck v. United States (1919): Charles Schenck protested against draft and was convicted of sedition; Supreme Court ruled that during wartime there are certain words that are not protected by the right to free speech

 Espionage Act: punished anyone found guilty of helping the enemy, hurting recruitment, or starting a riot/revolt

 Civilian Efforts  most labor unions cooperated (strikes were unpatriotic)  women went to work in factories while men went to war

 conservation efforts ▪ civilians rationed goods/resources ▪ “Meatless Mondays” or “Wheatless Wednesdays” ▪ some planted “Liberty Gardens”

 Women  job opportunities  19 th amendment passed because of women’s participation in the war effort  African Americans  job opportunities ▪ Great Migration: hundreds of thousands of blacks moved from the South to the North

 MAIN IDEA: European leaders opposed most of Wilson’s peace plan, and the U.S. failed to ratify the peace treaty  WHY IT MATTERS NOW: Many of the nationalist issues left unresolved after WWI led to WWII and continue to cause problems today.

CH 11

 Wilson’s Fourteen Points: plan to eliminate causes of war ▪ self-determination ▪ League of Nations: an organization of nations to negotiate to avoid war

 Allied leaders wanted to punish the enemy and divide the spoils of war  reparations  war-guilt clause  reduced Germany’s military  U.S. Senate did not approve of treaty because it included the League of Nations – they wanted to be isolationist again

 empires collapse  Russia – 5 new countries created (including Poland)  Austria-Hungary – 4 new countries created  Ottoman Empire – 4 new countries created  land & economy destroyed  high cost of lives  problems that caused the war remain

 U.S. became rich/powerful  returned to policy of isolation