Biology 2.3 Carbon Compounds Why carbon? Read p44 Draw two diagrams to show why an entire branch of chemistry is devoted to studying carbon Carbon atoms form 4 bonds And so, carbon can bond to other carbons and elements such as H, N, O, and P to form large complex molecules.

Macromolecules Macromolecules Smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or different.

Four major groups of organic compounds found in living things are: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Biology 2.3 Carbohydrates p45 Important source of energy for living things Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Why is it called a carbohydrate? Carbon (carbo-) and water (H2O) hydrate Carbohydrates can form large polymers Here is an illustration of the polymer, starch. What is the monomer of which starch is made?

Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen and water •glucose energy for most all cells •starch - a long chain of glucose

Lipids Not soluble in water Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Important for Energy Storage Waterproof membranes A typical fat is made of 3 fatty acid molecules attached to glycerol

Lipids Not soluble in water A typical fat is made of 3 fatty acid molecules attached to glycerol

Nucleic Acids Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Monomer= nucleotide

Nucleic Acids Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Store and transmit genetic information DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid RNA= ribonucleic acid

Proteins Macromolecules containing mostly nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Made up of Amino Acids

Proteins Made up of Amino Acids Amino Acids have Amino group (NH2) on one end, Carboxyllic acid group (COOH) on the other end

Proteins The instructions for arranging many amino acids into a protein are coded in your DNA.

Proteins Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes (enzymes) Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

Proteins Four levels of organization: Order of amino acids. The amino acids within a chain can be twisted or folded. The chain itself is folded. If a protein has more than one chain, each chain has a specific arrangement in space.