Chapter 14 Industrialization

The U.S. Industrializes 1860: 30 million people 1860: 30 million people 1.3 million worked in industry 1.3 million worked in industry GNP: gross national product GNP: gross national product Value of all goods and services produced by a country Value of all goods and services produced by a country Natural Resources: abundance of raw materials= industrial success Natural Resources: abundance of raw materials= industrial success Ex. Water, timber, coal, iron, copper Ex. Water, timber, coal, iron, copper Petroleum: new resource Petroleum: new resource Turned into kerosene Turned into kerosene By 1900 oil fields turned up from PA - TX By 1900 oil fields turned up from PA - TX

Low taxes Government debt low The U.S. Industrializes A Large Workforce A Large Workforce population tripled population tripled 2 causes: 2 causes: Large families Large families Flood of immigrants Flood of immigrants Free Enterprise Free Enterprise Laissez faire: “let do” government should not interfere with the economy Laissez faire: “let do” government should not interfere with the economy US raised tariffs against foreign goods other countries did the same

New Inventions Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell 1874 suggested the telephone to his assistant Watson 1874 suggested the telephone to his assistant Watson 1876 he transmitted a voice 1876 he transmitted a voice 1877 organized Bell Telephone Co. Became American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) 1877 organized Bell Telephone Co. Became American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T)

New Inventions Thomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison 1877 phonograph 1877 phonograph 1879 perfected light bulb and electric generator 1879 perfected light bulb and electric generator Battery and motion picture Battery and motion picture 1882 supplied electricity to NYC 1882 supplied electricity to NYC 1889 Edison General Electric CO GE 1889 Edison General Electric CO GE

Impact Thaddeus Lowe: ice machine Thaddeus Lowe: ice machine Gustavis Swift: refrigerated RR car Gustavis Swift: refrigerated RR car Northrop auto loom- clothing industry Northrop auto loom- clothing industry Clothing industry: standard sizes Clothing industry: standard sizes Shoe making: factories put cobblers out of business Shoe making: factories put cobblers out of business Cyrus Field: telegraph cable across Atlantic Cyrus Field: telegraph cable across Atlantic

Working in the U.S. Machines replaced skilled workers Machines replaced skilled workers Conditions were dangerous and unhealthy Conditions were dangerous and unhealthy High number of injuries High number of injuries Rise in the standard of living Rise in the standard of living Wages rose 50% between Wages rose 50% between Average industrial worker made $.22 per hour and worked 59 hours per week Average industrial worker made $.22 per hour and worked 59 hours per week US Deflation US Deflation Companies cut wages Companies cut wages People decided to combat this by creating unions People decided to combat this by creating unions

Early Unions Craft workers: special skills and training Craft workers: special skills and training Machinists, iron molders, stonecutters, glass blowers, shoemakers, printers… Machinists, iron molders, stonecutters, glass blowers, shoemakers, printers… Higher wages and more control over shop floor Higher wages and more control over shop floor Common Laborers: few skills and lower pay Common Laborers: few skills and lower pay 1830’s craft workers began to create trade unions 1830’s craft workers began to create trade unions

Industry Opposes Unions Employers regarded as illegitimate conspiracies Employers regarded as illegitimate conspiracies Opposed industrial unions Opposed industrial unions Techniques used to prevent: Techniques used to prevent: Oaths Oaths Contracts Contracts Hired detectives to find out who was involved Hired detectives to find out who was involved Those workers were fired and blacklisted Those workers were fired and blacklisted Lockouts: locked out workers then hired other non-union people to replace them Lockouts: locked out workers then hired other non-union people to replace them

The Knights of Labor Goals Goals Eight-hour workday. Eight-hour workday. Worker-owned factories. Worker-owned factories. Abolition of child and prison labor. Abolition of child and prison labor. Equal pay for men and women. Equal pay for men and women. Safety codes in the workplace. Safety codes in the workplace. Prohibition of contract foreign labor. Prohibition of contract foreign labor. Haymarket riot ruins reputation Haymarket riot ruins reputation

Working Women 18% of labor force in % of labor force in 1900 “Women’s work”: “Women’s work”: 1/3 domestic servants 1/3 domestic servants 1/3 teachers, nurses, sales clerks, secretaries 1/3 teachers, nurses, sales clerks, secretaries 1/3 industrial workers: garment industry and food processing plants 1/3 industrial workers: garment industry and food processing plants Most unions excluded women Most unions excluded women Women’s Trade Union League: 1 st dedicated to promoting women’s issues Women’s Trade Union League: 1 st dedicated to promoting women’s issues 8 hour day 8 hour day Minimum wage Minimum wage No evening work No evening work Abolition of child labor Abolition of child labor

Linking the Nation 1862 President Lincoln signs Pacific Railway Act 1862 President Lincoln signs Pacific Railway Act Transcontinental RR by Union Pacific and Central Pacific Transcontinental RR by Union Pacific and Central Pacific To encourage rapid construction, the gov. offered land grants along the way To encourage rapid construction, the gov. offered land grants along the way Chinese laborers in West Chinese laborers in West Creation of time zones Creation of time zones

Robber Barons Jay Gould “insider trading” Jay Gould “insider trading” Credit Mobilier Credit Mobilier Construction company set up by Union Pacific Construction company set up by Union Pacific Including a member of Congress! Including a member of Congress! Overcharged RR - used up grants, went bankrupt Overcharged RR - used up grants, went bankrupt Gave members of Congress shares in return for more grants Gave members of Congress shares in return for more grants