1. GUIDED READING CHAPTER 14

2. SECTION 14-1 1. by the early 1900s 2. It was nearly 8 times greater 3. Railroads brought settlers and miners to the West and moved the resources back to the factories in the East.

3. 14-1 CONTINUED 4. The demand for kerosene 5. The increase provided a large workforce and created greater demand for the consumer goods the factories produced. 6. roughly 20 million

4. 14-1 CONTINUED 7. That it should not interfere in the economy, other than to protect private property rights and maintain peace, and that if the government regulates the economy, it increases costs and eventually hurts more than it helps. 8. people of high ability and ambition, or American entrepreneurs – people who risk their capital in organizing and running a business.

5. 14-1 9. in the West 10. that tariffs and subsidies drive up prices and protect inefficient companies 11. Europe was divided into dozens of states, each with tariffs, but the entire United States was open to trade (the Constitution bans states from imposing tariffs).

6. 14-1 12. When the United States raised tariffs against American goods, other countries raised their tariffs against American goods. This hurt American companies trying to sell goods overseas, and it hurt farmers who sold their products to Europe. 13. His laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey, became the forerunner of the modern research laboratory. Edison invented or improved many devices that changed the nation, such as the phonograph, the battery, the dictaphone, the mimeograph, the motion picture, and the electric light bulb.

7. 14-1 14. the Northrop automatic loom and bobbins that were changed automatically 15. They were developed from measurements taken of Union soldiers during the Civil War. 16. lower prices

8. 14-2 GUIDED READING 1. Pacific Railway Act 2. Central Pacific Railroad; “Big Four” 3. shortage of labor; China 4. steel, coal, timber 5. seven

9. 14-2 GUIDED READING 6. sun’s position in the sky at high noon 7. American Railway Association; four time zones 8. over 120; New England; New York; Pennsylvania 9. Jay Gould 10. Crédit Mobilier 11. Great Northern Railroad

10. 14-3 GUIDED READING I. The Rise of Big Business A. Few corporations existed in the United States before the 1830s because entrepreneurs had to convince a state legislature to issue them a charter. During the 1830s, states began passing general incorporation laws, allowing companies to become corporations and issue stock without charters from the legislature. B. With the money corporations raised from the sale of stock, they could invest in new technologies, hire a large workforce, and purchase many machines, greatly increasing their efficiency—and make goods more cheaply. C. the changing nature of business organization and the new importance of fixed costs that caused competition to become severe, forcing many small companies out of business

11. 14-3 II. The Consolidation of Industry A. They organized pools— agreements to maintain prices at a certain level. B. Courts and legislature believed pools interfered with competition and property rights. C. A vertically integrated company owns all the different businesses on which it depends for its operations. For example, Andrew Carnegie’s steel company bought coal mines, limestone quarries, and iron ore fields rather than buying those raw materials from someone else. D. Some feared monopolies because they believed that a company with a monopoly could charge whatever it wanted for its products. Others believed monopolies had to keep prices low, because raising prices would cause competitors to reappear offering the products for a lower price. E. trusts and holding companies

12. 14-3 III. Selling the Product A. advertising B. department stores C. They focus on thrift, offering low prices instead of elaborate service and decor. Woolworth’s became one of the most successful retail chains in American history. D. by mail order catalog; Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck are two examples

13. 14-4 1. standard of living 2. 22 cents; 59 hours 3. craft workers 4. trade unions 5. industrial unions 6. lockout

14. 14-4 7. “conspiracies in restraint of trade” 8. Great Railroad Strike 9. nationwide industrial union 10. arbitration 11. Haymarket Riot 12. American Railway Union (ARU) 13. U.S. mail cars

15. 14-4 14. American Federation of Labor (AFL); Samuel Gompers 15. 18 percent 16. less than men