2 nd Great Awakening & Utopias

Utopian Classroom WAKE UP: WAKE UP: Define UTOPIA Define UTOPIA UTOPIA: A world in which everything and everyone works in perfect harmony. UTOPIA: A world in which everything and everyone works in perfect harmony. How could you make a “utopian classroom”? How could you make a “utopian classroom”? What would be the goal of the class? What would be the goal of the class? What rules would need to be made? What rules would need to be made? What would the classroom look like? What would the classroom look like? Is this possible? Is this possible?

Alexis de Tocqueville’s view “[There is] no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America.” “[There is] no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America.” 21 st Century Estimates: Most Christians by Country 21 st Century Estimates: Most Christians by Country 1. Mexico: 105 million 2. Russia: 99 million 3. Philippines: 90 million 4. U.S.A.: 245 million

Growth of deism Deism - Reliance on reason and not on revelation - relied on science rather than the Bible, yet believed in a Supreme Being who created the universe Deism - Reliance on reason and not on revelation - relied on science rather than the Bible, yet believed in a Supreme Being who created the universe Many Founding Fathers, such as Jefferson and Franklin embraced liberal doctrines of Deism that Thomas Paine promotes in his Age of Reason. Many Founding Fathers, such as Jefferson and Franklin embraced liberal doctrines of Deism that Thomas Paine promotes in his Age of Reason.

Good and Evil Ways

Second Great Awakening

Revivals stimulated church membership and a variety of humanitarian reforms Revivals stimulated church membership and a variety of humanitarian reforms Evangelicalism was emphasized Evangelicalism was emphasized Introduced new sects into American religion Introduced new sects into American religion People were encouraged to pray out loud and to denounce alcohol and slavery People were encouraged to pray out loud and to denounce alcohol and slavery Methodists and Baptists were formed, but ultimately split over the slavery issue Methodists and Baptists were formed, but ultimately split over the slavery issue

Timothy Dwight, Yale University President Grandson of Jonathan Edwards Believed that young people were not totally convinced in the power of God “You are dead in sin.” Campus revival movements began

Lyman Beecher Told people to admit their sins and surrender to God Beecher and his wife had twelve children, including Harriet Beecher

Catherine Beecher Daughter of Lyman Beecher Opened a private school for women in Connecticut Helped to create colleges throughout the midwest

Joseph Smith Reported that he had a conversation with an angel at age 14 Wanted to restore the true Church Wrote the Book of Mormon describing this new religion in 1830 Killed in Carthage, Il in 1844

Mormon Trail to Utah, 1846

Pieties Quilt c Most girls were taught sewing Girls were also taught how to stitch letters

Some impacts of the Second Great Awakening New religions widened the lines between region and class New religions widened the lines between region and class Episcopalians and Congregationalists were generally among the wealthy and more educated Episcopalians and Congregationalists were generally among the wealthy and more educated Education was stressed in all areas Education was stressed in all areas Humanitarian reforms evolved from the Second Great Awakening Humanitarian reforms evolved from the Second Great Awakening

Temperance Crusade

Utopian Societies

Owenism Robert Owen (1771 – 1858) Robert Owen (1771 – 1858) Fair treatment of workers Fair treatment of workers Rejection of religion Rejection of religion Worker Education Worker Education Created New Lanark (Eng.) Created New Lanark (Eng.) Self sufficient factory town Self sufficient factory town School, Store, Living Space School, Store, Living Space New Harmony (IN) New Harmony (IN) Factory town Factory town

Fourierists Charles Fourier (1772 – 1837) Charles Fourier (1772 – 1837) Cooperation Cooperation Communistic Ideals Communistic Ideals Feminism Feminism La Reunion (TX) La Reunion (TX) North American Phalanx (NJ) North American Phalanx (NJ)

Shakers Mother Anne Lee Mother Anne Lee Rituals = trembling, dancing, singing, speaking in tongues Rituals = trembling, dancing, singing, speaking in tongues Communal life Communal life Stressed simplicity Stressed simplicity Strict believers in celibacy Strict believers in celibacy No procreation... adopt No procreation... adopt Males and female segregated Males and female segregated 6,000 converts 6,000 converts

John Humphrey Noyes Utopian Preacher Utopian Preacher Perfectionism—possible to be free of sin in this lifetime. Perfectionism—possible to be free of sin in this lifetime. Oneida N.Y started a commune Oneida N.Y started a commune “Complex marriage” “Complex marriage” “Male Continence" “Male Continence" "Mutual Criticism" "Mutual Criticism"

2012 and Millerites What talk is there of Dec. 21 st, 2012? What talk is there of Dec. 21 st, 2012? William Miller William Miller 2 nd coming of Christ 2 nd coming of Christ Judgment Day Judgment Day Calculated it to be 1843 Calculated it to be 1843 Never actually came…recalculated Never actually came…recalculated

Why? Why would these Utopians be popping up in Europe and North America at the turn of the 19 th Century? Why would these Utopians be popping up in Europe and North America at the turn of the 19 th Century? Do we have any Utopian societies today? Do we have any Utopian societies today?