DNA, RNA, & Proteins Vocab review Chapter 12

Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication DNA polymerase Another name for protein synthesis translation Sugar used to make DNA dexoyribose

Process of making a DNA copy replication Nitrogen base with 1 ring such as cytosine and thymine pyrimidine Organism whose cells have a nucleus eukaryote

Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA transcription Three sequential nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid codon Organism without a nucleus prokaryote

Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine Purine Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA nucleotide Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases Base pairing

Process in which one strain of bacteria is genetically changed by receiving DNA from another transformation Series of genes that controls development and differentiation in the developing embryo Hox genes

Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of non- dividing cells chromatin Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon anticodon

Tightly packed DNA and proteins that are “scrunched up” into rod-shaped bundles in dividing cells chromosomes Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein exon Process of making proteins from an RNA message Translation (protein synthesis)

Type of RNA that carries DNA code from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm Messenger RNA Segment of DNA that codes for a protein gene Region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription promoter

Protein molecule around which DNA is wrapped to form a nucleosome in chromatin histone Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together Hydrogen bonds Bead-like structures that form when DNA wraps around histones nucleosome

Type of RNA that matches its anticodon and attaches the correct amino acid to the growing protein chain during protein synthesis Transfer RNA Structures found in the cytoplasm made of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens Ribosomes

Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes Ribosomal RNA Sugar found in RNA molecules ribose Group of genes in a prokaryote that operate together operon

Region of DNA near the promoter where repressor proteins bind and turn genes off operator Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule RNA polymerase

Protein that binds to the operator site and stops RNA polymerase from binding and transcribing a gene repressor Process of changing into different kinds of cells with different functions differentiation

Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) Virus that infects bacteria bacteriophage Another name for a protein chain polypeptide

Macromolecule made by joining amino acid subunits together protein Regulatory region with the sequence TATATA or TATAAA found in many types of organisms which helps position RNA polymerase TATA box

Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved in coding for a protein which is cut out of the m-RNA molecule before it is read by the ribosomes intron

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________ Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________ KINDS OF MUTATIONS GENE MUTATIONS CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

Change in one or just a few nucleotide in the code Deletion or insertion that causes the remaining nucleotides to be regrouped & read incorrectly Point mutation Frameshift mutation KINDS OF MUTATIONS

One nucleotide in code is replaced by another Complete set of chromosomes fails to separate resulting in 3N or 4N organisms substitution polyploidy KINDS OF MUTATIONS

Piece of DNA is broken off and lost Piece of DNA breaks off and reattaches to another deletion translocation KINDS OF MUTATIONS

Piece of DNA breaks off, flips, and reattaches so that it reads backwards Piece of DNA is added to the code Extra copies of part of a chromosome are made inversion insertion KINDS OF MUTATIONS duplication