Resurgence of Muslim Empires Ch 21

I. Introduction After the fall of Baghdad, Islamic power declined considerably Reemerged with Ottoman Empire in late 14 th century Followed by: Safavid Empire-Afghanistan and Iran Mughal- Northern India

I. Introduction Focused on conquest Used gunpowder Cannons and small arms Eventual conquered Constantinople in 1453 AD (Ottomans)

II. Ottomans Largest of new Muslim Empires Expanded greatly through conquest Was founded in 1281 Made of Turks who took power as a result of Mongol and Seljuk Turk power vacuum Named for Osman Sunni

II. Ottomans Conquered much of the Byzantine Empire Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmed II “The Conqueror” Opened up invasion into Europe as far as Hungary Used gunpowder considerably Cannons Janissaries- military slaves (educated) that were skilled in artillery and firearms Became very influential

II. Ottomans Sultans Effective but later become preoccupied with wealth and pleasure Bureaucracy led by a grand vizier Became pleasure seeking which led to downfall Problems with succession

II. Ottomans Constantinople Rebuilt after conquest Hagia Sophia becomes a Mosque Many public works- aqueducts, hospitals etc. Guilds ran by government agencies

II. Ottomans Decline Lasted for 600 years Over expanded 17 th century major retreating started Corruption in government Sultans isolated in luxury Janissaries started to become more influential

II. Ottomans Decline continued… Battle of Lepanto 1571 Huge sea battle that all but crushed Ottoman fleet Spanish and Venetians Slight recovery that saved North Africa Allowed Portuguese to move in on Africa Lost Mediterranean Inflation Technological stagnation

III. Safavids Shi’a Started with religious movement of Sufi Sail al- Din who tried to reform Turkish Islam Known as the Red Heads Became an empire under Isma’il when he took Tabriz in 1501 Conquered most of modern day Iran and parts of Iraq

III. Safavids Isma’il clashed with Ottomans at Chaldiran where his cavalry was slaughtered Solidified Ottoman dominance over Safavids After Isma’il, period of turmoil Abbas I “The Great” Used converted Russian slaves for military and control of firearms European advisors Strengthened military

III. Safavids Culture Used Persian rather than Turkish Leaders called padishah- king of kings Religion ruled by mullahs Regulated by government Required to curse 1 st 3 caliphs Forced conversion to Shi'ite Islam Public flagellation Culture was Istafan

III. Safavids Women Veiled yet wore colorful clothing? Elite women were more greatly secluded Concubines influenced rulers Trade Constricted market compared to open Ottoman market Encouraged art and skilled labor

III. Safavids Decline Secluded leaders 1722 capital sieged and defeated by Afghani nomads

IV. Mughals Founded by Babur and moved to India in 1526 Kicked out of Afghanistan Made attempts to return to Afghanistan but failed Turned to conquest of India Greatly conquered Indians (Lodi) Problems after his death

IV. Mughals Akbar Babur’s grandson (Humayan’s son) Took over at 13 and ruled for 49 years Illiterate yet smart Long term planning Intermarriage with Hindus Respected Hinduism Got rid of Jizya Din-i-Ilahi Tried to outlaw sati

IV. Mughals Akbar’s Social Changes Homeless shelters Remarriage of widows Limited child marriage Women only days at markets

IV. Mughals Jahangir ( ) and Shah Jahan ( ) Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan Luxurious living and for both Jahangir and Shah Jahan Highly influenced by spouses Traded textiles with Europeans Patrons of arts

IV. Mughal Decline Huge military but inept Corrupt bureaucracy Aurangzeb expanded territory but tried to purify Islam Drained treasury Peasant uprisings Rebellions of the Marattas (Hindu) and Sikhs (branch of Hinduism)

V. Wrap Up Muslim empires fell behind Europeans Muslim Empires decline allowed Europeans to make economic gains