Oceanography

I. Major Oceans The three major oceans are: 1._______- largest, deepest, coldest, least salty. 2.__________- second largest, shallow, warm, salty. 3. _________- intermediate in depth, temperature, and salinity. The three major oceans are: 1._______- largest, deepest, coldest, least salty. 2.__________- second largest, shallow, warm, salty. 3. _________- intermediate in depth, temperature, and salinity. The _______Ocean near the North Pole, and the ____________ Ocean near the South Pole contain vast expanses of sea ice. The _______Ocean near the North Pole, and the ____________ Ocean near the South Pole contain vast expanses of sea ice. Pacific Atlantic Indian Arctic Antarctic

II. Methods of Studying the Ocean The Topex/Poseidon _____________ orbits 1331 km above the Earth, gathering information about the oceans. _____________ maps ocean floor topography by timing how long it takes sound waves to bounce off the ocean floor. Underwater vessels called _________________ investigate the deepest ocean trenches. satellite Sonar submersibles

Sonar (also called echo- sounding) Sound waves travel how fast in seawater? Sound waves travel how fast in seawater? How deep is the water if it takes ten seconds for the sound wave to go from ship to ocean floor and back to ship? How deep is the water if it takes ten seconds for the sound wave to go from ship to ocean floor and back to ship? 1,454 m/s 7,270 m Calculation: (10 s times 1,454 m/s divided by 2 )

The picture below is of a _____________. The picture below is of a _____________. submersible

III. Salinity The amount of salt per unit water is known as salinity. The average salinity of seawater is _____ ppt. Therefore, for every 1,000 ml water, there are ___ grams of dissolved salts. The most abundant salt in seawater is ________, but there are many other salts present in the form of ions. Near the equator salinity is __________ than average due to ___________________. Near the poles salinity is __________ than average due to _______________. In the Mediterranean the salinity is __________than average due to __________. NaCl lower greater precipitation lower melting sea ice higher evaporation

The salinity here would likely be: A.35 ppt B.34 ppt C.36 ppt

IV. Colorful Seawater What makes the ocean water in the picture to the left different colors? What makes the ocean water in the picture to the left different colors? Why would a shrimp that appears bright red at the surface appear black at greater depths, and why might this be beneficial? Why would a shrimp that appears bright red at the surface appear black at greater depths, and why might this be beneficial? differences in depth Longer (red) wavelengths are absorbed before reaching deep water. Shrimp can hide and not become a meal.

V. Upwelling  upward motion of ocean water  cold, nutrient-rich water is brought up to the surface

El Niño – What is it? El Niño – What is it? Unusually warm temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Occurs every 3-7 years December and January

trade winds relax or reverse direction (to blow from west to east) reduced upwelling to cool the surface warm surface waters from Indonesia move eastward large central and eastern Pacific regions warm up What causes El Niño?

Fish off South America vanish - fishing business comes to standstill Major disruption of normal global and local weather patterns Impacts of El Niño?

Label the three ocean layers in the diagram below: Surface layer Thermocline Bottom layer

Thermocline – sudden temperature drop not far from the surface.

Label the wave diagram below with the following terms: wavelength, wave height, trough, crest VI. Ocean Movements trough crest wavelength waveheight

Tides Label the key with the correct tide cycle names: semidiurnal mixed diurnal

Match the following terms to their correct letter in the diagram: A B C D E D F G H Island Continental shelf Continental slope Abyssal plain Seamount Continental rise Trench Guyot VII. Seafloor Topography A.A. B. C.C. D.D. E. F. G.G. H.H.

Listed below are some of the major surface currents. The force which generates these currents is ____________. wind

Turbidity Current: A rapid, downhill flow of water caused by increased density due to high amounts of sediment. A rapid, downhill flow of water caused by increased density due to high amounts of sediment.

Review 1.What is the average salinity of seawater? 2.What is the deepest area of the seafloor? 3.What is the largest ocean? 4.Why is the ocean “blue”? 5.What is the force responsible for surface currents? 6.What causes density currents? 7.What causes tides? 8.List the 3 tidal patterns. 9.What is the highest part of a wave called? 10.Name the ocean that borders Virginia. 35 ppt trench Pacific shorter wavelengths not absorbed wind differences in temperature and salinity gravity of the sun and moon diurnal, semidiurnal, mixed crest Atlantic