1. Chemical and Physical Properties of Ocean Water

2. Ocean water has chemical and physical properties. Chemical properties are what it is made of, and what is in it. Physical properties are its density, saltiness and temperature.

3. Ocean water is made up mostly of 1.Fresh water ~ 96.5% 2.Salt ~ about 3.5% a.The most abundant salt is NaCl (table salt) b.There are other types also

5. There are three main gasses in our atmosphere Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

6. There are three main gasses in our atmosphere Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon dioxide These are the same three gases that are dissolved in the ocean. Carbon dioxide dissolves the best, and it also dissolves best at low temperatures

7. The water of the ocean is the least salty in two areas. 1.The North and South Poles. a.In these areas, the ice is melting off of the ice, and is making the water more fresh. b.There is not much evaporation in these areas, because it is so cold. 2.The Equatorial regions a.At the equator, it rains a LOT b.There is a lot of evaporation, but there is more rain.

9. Ocean water is the coldest near the two poles 1.That is where the light hits the water at an angle far less than 90º, and often near 0º. 2.There are large areas of ice and snow that reflect away the light that does come to the area.

11. The temperature of ocean water changes with depth. 1.It does not change evenly 2.It changes suddenly at a place called the thermocline a.The thermocline reflects sounds b.Submarines and whales use it

13. The density of ocean water changes with depth and salinity. 1.It does not change evenly 2.It changes suddenly at a place called the thermocline a.The thermocline reflects sounds b.Submarines and whales use it

15. Why is the ocean blue?

16. Sunlight shines on the ocean, and all the colors of the rainbow go into the water. Red, yellow, green, and blue all go into the sea. Then, the sea absorbs the red, yellow, and green light, leaving the blue light. Some of the blue light scatters off water molecules, and the scattered blue light comes back out of the sea. This is the blue you see.

17. There are three layers of the ocean water 1.The surface waters 2.The transition waters 3.The deep ocean waters

19. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans It is a paradox, but if there is a lot of growth of plants in many parts of the ocean, then plant growth will stop.

20. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans It is a paradox, but if there is a lot of growth of plants in many parts of the ocean, then plant growth will stop. This is because the plants will use up their resources, that are needed for growth.

21. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans It is a paradox, but if there is a lot of growth of plants in many parts of the ocean, then plant growth will stop. This is because the plants will use up their resources, that are needed for growth. The plants grow at the surface, with sunlight, and take the nutrients to the bottom of the ocean when they die.

22. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans It is a paradox, but if there is a lot of growth of plants in many parts of the ocean, then plant growth will stop. This is because the plants will use up their resources, that are needed for growth. The plants grow at the surface, with sunlight, and take the nutrients to the bottom of the ocean when they die. a. The nutrients are needed at the surface, where the sunlight is, but

23. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans It is a paradox, but if there is a lot of growth of plants in many parts of the ocean, then plant growth will stop. This is because the plants will use up their resources, that are needed for growth. The plants grow at the surface, with sunlight, and take the nutrients to the bottom of the ocean when they die. a. The nutrients are needed at the surface, where the sunlight is, but b. The nutrients tend to accumulate at the bottom, where they are really not needed.

24. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Upwelling can bring nutrients to the surface. 1. Off shore winds blow to the sea,

25. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Upwelling can bring nutrients to the surface. 1.Off shore winds blow to the sea, 2.Which bring up the deep water and nutrients.

26. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Upwelling can bring nutrients to the surface. 1.Off shore winds blow to the sea, 2.Which bring up the deep water and nutrients. 3.This is slowed or stopped by an El Nino event.

27. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Light can only penetrate about 100 meters into the Ocean.

28. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Light can only penetrate about 100 meters into the Ocean. 1.That means that plants can only grow in the first 100 meters of the ocean.

29. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Light can only penetrate about 100 meters into the Ocean. 1.That means that plants can only grow in the first 100 meters of the ocean. 2.That means that the animals that live on the plants will also be found in the first 100 meters.

30. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Light can only penetrate about 100 meters into the Ocean. 1.That means that plants can only grow in the first 100 meters of the ocean. 2.That means that the animals that live on the plants will also be found in the first 100 meters. Free floating plants and animals are called PLANKTON

31. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Light can only penetrate about 100 meters into the Ocean. 1.That means that plants can only grow in the first 100 meters of the ocean. 2.That means that the animals that live on the plants will also be found in the first 100 meters. Free floating plants and animals are called PLANKTON Free floating plants are called PHYTOPLANKTON

32. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Light can only penetrate about 100 meters into the Ocean. 1.That means that plants can only grow in the first 100 meters of the ocean. 2.That means that the animals that live on the plants will also be found in the first 100 meters. Free floating plants and animals are called PLANKTON Free floating plants are called PHYTOPLANKTON Free floating animals are called ZOOPLANKTON

33. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Light can only penetrate about 100 meters into the Ocean. 1.That means that plants can only grow in the first 100 meters of the ocean. 2.That means that the animals that live on the plants will also be found in the first 100 meters. Free floating plants and animals are called PLANKTON Free floating plants are called PHYTOPLANKTON Free floating animals are called ZOOPLANKTON Both ZOOPLANKTON and PHYTOPLANKTON will be eaten by swimmers, called NEKTON

34. Section 21.2 Life in the Oceans Light can only penetrate about 100 meters into the Ocean. 1.That means that plants can only grow in the first 100 meters of the ocean. 2.That means that the animals that live on the plants will also be found in the first 100 meters. Free floating plants and animals are called PLANKTON Free floating plants are called PHYTOPLANKTON Free floating animals are called ZOOPLANKTON Both ZOOPLANKTON and PHYTOPLANKTON will be eaten by swimmers, called NEKTON Animals that don’t swim, but live on the ocean floor, are called BENTHOS

35. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments.

36. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC a. The INTERTIDAL ZONE is that part of the ocean that will lie between high tide and low tide.

37. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC a. The INTERTIDAL ZONE is that part of the ocean that will lie between high tide and low tide. b. The SUBLITTORAL ZONE is always underwater, but the water is shallow. This will be on the continental shelf. i. This is the area with the most life

38. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC a. The INTERTIDAL ZONE is that part of the ocean that will lie between high tide and low tide. b. The SUBLITTORAL ZONE is always underwater, but the water is shallow. This will be on the continental shelf. i. This is the area with the most life ii. This area is very close to the energy given off by the Sun.

39. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans

40. The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC a. The INTERTIDAL ZONE is that part of the ocean that will lie between high tide and low tide. b. The SUBLITTORAL ZONE is always underwater, but the water is shallow. This will be on the continental shelf. i. This is the area with the most life ii. This area is very close to the energy given off by the Sun. c.The BATHYAL zone goes from the top of the continental slope, to about 4,000 meters.

41. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC c.The BATHYAL zone goes from the top of the continental slope, to about 4,000 meters. i. Not a lot of light (almost none)

42. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC c.The BATHYAL zone goes from the top of the continental slope, to about 4,000 meters. i. Not a lot of light (almost none) ii. Life is really hard.

43. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC c.The BATHYAL zone goes from the top of the continental slope, to about 4,000 meters. i. Not a lot of light (almost none) ii. Life is really hard. d.The ABYSSAL zone goes from 4,000 meters to about 6,000 meters.

44. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC c.The BATHYAL zone goes from the top of the continental slope, to about 4,000 meters. i. Not a lot of light (almost none) ii. Life is really hard. d.The ABYSSAL zone goes from 4,000 meters to about 6,000 meters. i. No light

45. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC c.The BATHYAL zone goes from the top of the continental slope, to about 4,000 meters. i. Not a lot of light (almost none) ii. Life is really hard. d.The ABYSSAL zone goes from 4,000 meters to about 6,000 meters. i. No light ii. Thing live on “ocean snow”

46. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC c.The BATHYAL zone goes from the top of the continental slope, to about 4,000 meters. i. Not a lot of light (almost none) ii. Life is really hard. d.The ABYSSAL zone goes from 4,000 meters to about 6,000 meters. i. No light ii. Thing live on “ocean snow” e.The HADAL zone is the trenches.

47. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2. The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone.

48. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC.

49. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC. i. Lots of light, so often lots of life

50. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC. i. Lots of light, so often lots of life ii. Most of our seafood comes from this area

51. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC. i. Lots of light, so often lots of life ii. Most of our seafood comes from this area b. The farther out parts (past the continental shelf) is the OCEANIC zone.

52. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC. i. Lots of light, so often lots of life ii. Most of our seafood comes from this area b. The farther out parts (past the continental shelf) is the OCEANIC zone. i.

53. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC. i. Lots of light, so often lots of life ii. Most of our seafood comes from this area b. The farther out parts (past the continental shelf) is the OCEANIC zone. i. Upper layers have lots of life, because of Sun.

54. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC. i. Lots of light, so often lots of life ii. Most of our seafood comes from this area b. The farther out parts (past the continental shelf) is the OCEANIC zone. i. Upper layers have lots of life, because of Sun. ii. As one goes down, there is less light, less life.

55. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC. i. Lots of light, so often lots of life ii. Most of our seafood comes from this area b. The farther out parts (past the continental shelf) is the OCEANIC zone. i. Upper layers have lots of life, because of Sun. ii. As one goes down, there is less light, less life. iii. Epipelagic, Mesopelagic, Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic

56. Section 21.2 Environments of the Oceans The oceans have two overall environments. 1.The bottom of the oceans, actual mud, is called BENTHIC 2.The water in the oceans is called PELAGIC zone. a. The nearest part of the Pelagic zone is NETRIC. i. Lots of light, so often lots of life ii. Most of our seafood comes from this area b. The farther out parts (past the continental shelf) is the OCEANIC zone. i. Upper layers have lots of life, because of Sun. ii. As one goes down, there is less light, less life. iii. Epipelagic, Mesopelagic, Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic iv The idea of Hadalpelagic has not caught on yet

59. 21.3 Ocean Resources The number one resource of the ocean water is freshwater. 1. Desalination ~ any method of removing salt, from salt water.

60. 21.3 Ocean Resources The number one resource of the ocean water is freshwater. 1. Desalination ~ any method of removing salt, from salt water.

61. 21.3 Ocean Resources The number one resource of the ocean water is freshwater. 1. Desalination ~ any method of removing salt, from salt water. Reverse osmosis process

62. 21.3 Ocean Resources The number one resource of the ocean water is freshwater. 1. Desalination ~ any method of removing salt, from salt water.

63. Resources of the ocean also include minerals from the bottom.

67. Fish have to be included as an important resource of the oceans. It is limited and fragile.

68. The catch of this type of North Atlantic Cod has dropped to epic lows.

71. Quantity and value of farm raised fish