1. Physical Oceanography
Chapter 15

2. Major Oceans
The three major oceans are : _______-largest, deepest, coldest, least salty. 2.__________- second largest, shallow, warm, salty _________- intermediate in depth, temperature, and salinity.
The _______Ocean near the north pole, and the ____________ Ocean near the south pole contain vast expanses of sea ice.
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic
Antarctic

3. Methods of Studying the Ocean
The Topex/Poseidon _____________ orbits 1331 km above the Earth, gathering information about the oceans.
satellite
Sonar
_____________ maps ocean floor topography by timing how long it takes sound waves to bounce off the ocean floor.
submersibles
Underwater vessels called _________________ investigate the deepest ocean trenches.

4. Sonar (also called echo-sounding)
Sound waves travel how fast in seawater?
How deep is the water if it takes ten seconds for the sound wave to go from ship to ocean floor and back to ship?
1,454 m/s
7,270 m
Calculation: (10 s times 1,454 m/s divided by 2 )

5. submersible
The picture below is of a _____________.

6. Salinity NaCl The amount of salt per unit water is known as salinity.
The most abundant salt in seawater is ________, but there are many other salts present in the form of ions.
The average salinity of seawater is _____ ppt. Therefore, for every 1,000 ml water, there are ___ grams of dissolved salts. 35 35
Near the equator salinity is __________ than average due to ___________________.
lower
greater precipitation
lower
Near the poles salinity is __________ than average due to _______________.
melting sea ice
higher
In the Mediterranean the salinity is __________than average due to __________.
evaporation

7. The salinity here would likely be:
35 ppt
34 ppt
36 ppt

8. Colorful Seawater
What makes the ocean water in the picture to the left different colors?
Why would a shrimp that appears bright red at the surface appear black at greater depths, and why might this be beneficial?
differences in depth
Longer (red) wavelengths are absorbed before reaching deep water. Shrimp can hide and not become a meal.

9. Label the three ocean layers in the diagram below.
Surface layer
Thermocline
Bottom layer

10. Ocean Movements
Label the wave diagram below with the following terms: wavelength, waveheight, trough, crest
crest
waveheight
trough
wavelength

11. Tides Label the key with the correct tide cycle names: semidiurnal
mixed
diurnal

12. Seafloor Topography H A
Match the following terms to their correct letter in the diagram: B H.
Island
Continental shelf
Continental slope
Abyssal plain
Seamount
Continental rise
Trench
Guyot F A. B. E D. C F. C. D G. D E. G

13. Listed below are some of the major surface currents
Listed below are some of the major surface currents. The force which generates these currents is ____________.
wind

14. Chapter Review What is the average salinity of seawater?
What is the deepest area of the seafloor?
What is the largest ocean?
Why is the ocean “blue”?
What is the force responsible for surface currents?
What causes density currents?
What causes tides?
List the 3 tidal patterns.
What is the highest part of a wave called?
Name the ocean that borders Virginia.
35 ppt
trench
Pacific
shorter wavelengths not absorbed
wind
differences in temperature and salinity
gravity of the sun and moon
diurnal, semidiurnal, mixed
crest
Atlantic